Table 1 Acute life-threatening manifestations of cryoglobulinemic vasculitis [[9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 20, 21, 22, 23]]
From: Vasculitic emergencies in the intensive care unit: a special focus on cryoglobulinemic vasculitis
Widespread vasculitis | - Multiple organ involvement, including the skin and at least two other organs (kidney, gut, lung, CNS) |
Renal involvement | - AKI and/or oliguria |
- Glomerulonephritis : | |
- Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis | |
- Mesangial glomerulonephritis | |
- Focal and segmental glomerulonephritis | |
Lung involvement | - Subclinical alveolitis |
- Interstitial lung fibrosis | |
- Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage | |
Heart involvement | - Acute heart failure |
- Acute coronary syndrome | |
Digestive tract involvement | - Ischemic bowel vasculitis |
- Gastrointestinal hemorrhage | |
- Acute intraabdominal organ injury (pancreatitis, cholecystitis) | |
CNS involvement | - Stroke |
- Encephalopathy with impaired cognitive function | |
- Brain hemorrhage | |
- Spinal cord involvement | |
Other | - Hyperviscosity syndrome |
- caused by high levels of cryoglobulins | |
- combines acute respiratory distress, visual disturbances and retinal hemorrhage, encephalopathy with impaired cognitive function, and AKI | |
- B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders and related complications | |
- Sepsis, bacterial infections, and related complications | |
- Liver failure in HCV-related mixed cryoglobulinemia (acute-on-chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis) |