Table 1 Patient characteristics according to survival at day 28

Sex (male), n (%)

88 (66.2)

37 (62.7)

0.64

Age, years

68 (23)

72 (19)

0.05

Hospital type (academic), n (%)

87 (65.4)

33 (55.9)

0.26

Hospital volume, n (%)

0.95

 ≤8

44 (33.1)

20 (33.9)

 9 to 14

46 (34.6)

19 (32.2)

 ≥14

43 (32.3)

20 (33.9)

Direct lung injury, n (%)

78 (58.6)

39 (66.1)

0.39

SOFA score on day 0

10 (5)

11 (5)

<0.001

Mean SOFA score for 3 days, mean ± SD

9.6 ± 4.5

11.3 ± 4.3

<0.001

Maximum SOFA score

11 (5)

13 (5)

<0.001

Δ-SOFA score, mean ± SD

0.89 ± 2.1

0.53 ± 2.3

<0.001

Mean arterial pressure, mmHg

76 (24)

77 (22)

0.61

Central venous pressure, mmHg

10 (6)

10 (9)

0.89

PaO2/FiO₂, mmHg

151.4 (112)

138.1 (103)

0.14

Serum albumin, mg/dL

2.5 (0.9)

2.6 (0.8)

0.84

Serum creatinine, mg/dL

0.9 (1.1)

1.4 (1.4)

0.003

Diuretic use, n (%)

68 (51.1)

28 (47.4)

0.64

Renal replacement therapy, n (%)

32 (24.1)

21 (35.6)

0.10

Steroid use, n (%)

49 (36.8)

24 (40.7)

0.61

Use of vasopressors, n (%)

91 (68.4)

44 (74.6)

0.39

Cumulative fluid balance over 48 h, mL

3,015 (4,918)

4,595 (6,187)

0.02