Timing of (supplemental) parenteral nutrition in critically ill patients: a systematic review

Annals of Intensive Care

Table 6 Length of stay end points in included studies and results for EPN, LPN and EN groups

Outcome	Study		Study arms			Significance of results
Outcome	Study		EPN	LPN	EN	Significance of results
ICU length of stay	Bauer 2000 [11]	Mean days	16.9 ± 11.8	x	17.3 ± 12.8	no p-value, ns
	Doig 2013 [14]	Mean days	8.6	x	9.3	RD −0.75 (−1.47 to 0.04); p = 0.06
	Heidegger 2013 [15]	Mean days	x	13	13	p = 0.2592
	Cahill 2011 [12]	Median days	15	22.1	12.4	p < 0.001^†
	Kutsogiannis 2011 [16]	Median days	13.9	18.3	11.7	p = 0.003^
Hospital length of stay	Bauer 2000 [11]	Mean days	31.2 ± 18.5	x	33.7 ± 27.7	p = 0.0022
	Casaer 2011 [13]	Median days	16	14	x	HR 1.06; 95% CI 1.00 to 1.13; p = 0.04.
	Doig 2013 [14]	Mean days	25.4	x	24.7	RD 0.7; 95% CI −1.4 to 3.1; p = 0.50
	Heidegger 2013 [15]	Mean days	x	31	32	p = 0.8781
	Cahill 2011 [12]	Median days	47.6	35	24.8	p < 0.001
	Kutsogiannis 2011 [16]	Median days	33.4	35.3	27.1	p = 0.004

EPN, early parenteral nutrition; LPN, late parenteral nutrition; EN, enteral nutrition; ICU, intensive care unit; x, not applicable; p, p-value; ns, nonsignificant; RD, risk difference; HR, hazard ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval. NB: studies used different definitions for EPN, LPN and EN. ^†, comparing EPN versus EN and comparing LPN versus EN. ^, comparing EN versus LPN.