From: Hyponatremia in the intensive care unit: How to avoid a Zugzwang situation?
Hyponatremic encephalopathya | Central pontine myelinolysis | Extra-pontine myelinolysis |
---|---|---|
Mild hyponatremia | Suggestive features | Movement disorders |
Mild neurocognitive impairment | Quadriparesis/plegia | Extra-pyramidal syndrome |
Gait impairment | Ataxia | Dystonia |
Moderate hyponatremia | Nystagmus | Choreoathetosis |
Headaches | Dysarthria | Myoclonus |
Nausea | Ophthalmoplegia | Opsoclonus |
Emesis | Dysphagia | Akinetic-rigid state |
Abdominal cramps | Pseudobulbar palsy | Akinetic mutism |
Severe hyponatremia | “Locked-in” syndrome | Other symptoms |
Restlessness | Associated neurological features | Emotional lability |
Lethargy | Impaired consciousness | Depression |
Confusion | Wernicke’s encephalopathy | Paranoia |
Coma | Disinhibition | |
Seizure |