Table 1 Baseline characteristics of cardiogenic shock patients included

Male gender

469

71.1

275

68.1

194

75.8

0.020

Age (years), mean ± SD

66.0

 ± 14.0

65.9

 ± 15.7

66.0

 ± 14.0

0.963

BMI (kg/m²), mean ± SD

25.8

 ± 5.6

25.8

 ± 5.9

25.7

 ± 4.9

0.977

 n

644

394

250

Risk factors, n (%)

 Current smoker

182/634

28.7

107/387

27.7

75/247

30.4

0.461

 Diabetes mellitus

183/659

27.8

115/403

28.5

68/256

0.6

0.581

 Arterial hypertension

320

48.5

190

47.0

130

50.8

0.347

 Dyslipidaemia

236

35.8

137

33.9

99

38.7

0.214

Medical history, n (%)

 History of cardiac disease

368

55.8

230

56.9

138

53.9

0.446

  Ischaemic

197

29.9

118

29.2

79

30.9

0.651

  Hypertrophic

10

1.5

7

1.7

3

1.2

0.748

  Idiopathic

65

9.9

47

11.6

18

7.0

0.053

  Toxic

26

3.9

12

3.0

14

5.5

0.108

 Multisite pacing

51

7.7

38

9.4

13

5.1

0.042

 Defibrillator

104

15.8

73

18.1

31

12.1

0.041

 CABG

54

8.2

36

8.9

18

7.0

0.391

 PCI

145

22.0

89

22.0

56

21.9

0.963

 Peripheral artery disease

80

12.1

41

10.2

39

15.2

0.051

 Ischaemic stroke

56

8.5

31

7.7

25

9.8

0.34.7

 Chronic renal failure

139

21.1

88

21.8

51

19.9

0.568

 COPD

45

6.8

28

6.9

17

6.6

0.885

 Active neoplasy

43

6.5

22

5.5

21

8.2

0.162

Previous medications, n (%)

 Aspirin

250/659

37.9

157/404

38.9

93/255

36.5

0.538

 P2Y12 inhibitor

119/659

18.1

77/404

19.1

42/255

16.5

0.400

 Statins

243/659

36.9

154/404

38.1

89/255

34.9

0.404

 Beta-blockers

273/659

41.4

177/404

43.8

96/255

41.4

0.118

 Vitamin K antagonist

144/659

21.9

93/404

23.0

51/255

20.0

0.361

 Direct oral anticoagulant

50/659

7.6

29/404

7.2

21/255

8.2

0.618

 ACE inhibitors or ARB

248/659

37.6

154/404

38.1

94/255

36.9

0.746

 Sacubitril/valsartan

15/659

2.4

9/404

2.3

6/255

2.5

1.000

 Furosemide

325/659

49.3

210/404

52.0

115/255

45.1

0.085

 Aldosterone antagonist

94/659

14.3

67/404

16.6

27/255

10.6

0.032

 Amiodarone

119/643

18.5

66/391

16.9

53/252

21.0

0.186

 Proton pump inhibitor

236/650

36.3

152/397

38.3

84/253

33.2

0.189

Triggers

 Ischaemic

255

38.6

151

37.4

104

40.6

0.404

 Mechanical

17

2.6

8

2.0

9

3.5

0.225

 Ventricular arrhythmia

83

12.6

45

11.1

38

14.8

0.162

 Atrial arrhythmia

95

14.4

56

13.9

39

15.2

0.624

 Conductive disorders

17

2.6

10

2.5

7

2.7

0.838

 Infectious

80

12.1

45

11.1

35

13.7

0.331

 Non-compliance

26

3.9

10

2.5

16

6.3

0.015

 Iatrogenic

49

7.4

29

7.2

20

7.8

0.762

 Other

88

13.3

57

14.1

31

12.1

0.462

 None/undefined

92

13.9

67

16.6

25

9.8

0.783