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Annals of Intensive Care

Table 1 Clinical characteristic of patients with acute fulminant myocarditis receiving VA ECMO support

From: Impact of renal complications on outcome in adult patients with acute fulminant myocarditis receiving venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: an analysis of nationwide CSECLS database in China

Variables

All patients (n = 202)

Nonsurvival (n = 46)

Survival (n = 156)

p-valuea

Age (years)

38 (29, 48)

39 (29, 46)

38 (29, 48)

0.830

Male gender (n, %)

103 (51.0)

22 (47.8)

81 (51.9)

0.625

Weight (kg)

63.3 (10.9)

63.3 (9.4)

63.3 (11.3)

0.149

Height(cm)

166.1 (7.7)

167.6 (8.3)

165.6 (7.5)

0.999

Comorbidities (n, %)

 History of PCI

7 (3.5)

3 (6.5)

4 (2.6)

0.196

 History of myocardial infarction

2 (1.0)

0 (0)

2 (1.3)

 > 0.999

 NYHA class III or IV

50 (24.8)

9 (19.6)

41 (26.3)

0.261

 Chronic pulmonary disease

1 (0.5)

1 (2.2)

0 (0)

0.228

 Hypertension

11 (5.4)

2 (4.3)

9 (5.8)

 > 0.999

 Diabetes mellitus

5 (2.5)

2 (4.3)

3 (1.9)

0.320

 Cerebrovascular disease

2 (1.0)

0(0)

2 (1.3)

 > 0.999

Severity of illness at ECMO initiation

 SOFA

11 (7, 13)

11 (8, 15)

11 (7, 13)

0.678

 SAVE

5 (0, 9)

3 (−4, 6)

7 (2, 10)

0.290

 Priora cardiac arrest (n, %)

41 (20.3)

17 (40.0)

24 (15.4)

0.001

Priorb blood pressure (mmHg)

 Systolic

72 (55, 85)

63 (43, 82)

75 (60, 85)

0.186

 Diastolic

44 (31, 56)

38 (24, 56)

45 (36, 56)

0.079

 Mean

53 (40, 65)

49 (30, 65)

54 (44, 65)

0.230

Priorb arterial blood gas

 pH

7.33 (7.19, 7.41)

7.24 (7.12, 7.39)

7.35 (7.20, 7.41)

0.137

 PaO2 (mmHg)

77.9 (57.8, 119.0)

79.0 (54.0, 176.0)

77.5 (57.9, 109.9)

0.289

 PaCO2 (mmHg)

31.0 (25.6, 38.0)

34.9 (26.0, 38.0)

30.9 (30.0, 37.8)

0.546

 HCO3− (mmol/L)

18.0 (13.4, 20.4)

16.6 (11.9, 20.0)

18.0 (14.5, 20.5)

0.177

 Lactate (mmol/L)

4.8 (2.5, 9.5)

6.5 (2.6, 11.8)

4.1 (2.4, 8.5)

0.139

Priorb echocardiogram

 Left ventricular EF (%)c

30 (22, 39)

30 (21, 39)

30 (22, 38)

0.938

 Left ventricular end diastolic diameter (cm)

4.5 (4.2, 5.2)

4.5 (4.2, 5.0)

4.5 (4.2, 5.2)

0.659

Priorb vasopressors

 Norepinephrine (μg/kg/min)

0.6 (0.2, 1.0)

1.0 (0.3, 1.3)

0.6 (0.2, 1.0)

0.087

 Epinephrine (μg/kg/min)

0.11 (0.03, 0.20)

0.20 (0.10, 0.45)

0.08 (0.02, 0.20)

0.111

 VIS

60 (26, 115)

90 (45, 143)

60 (25, 100)

0.135

Priora Organ supports

 Invasive mechanical ventilation (n, %)

119 (58.9)

34 (73.9)

85 (54.5)

0.019

 Invasive mechanical ventilation duration (hrs)

1.7(0.5, 9.5)

1.9(0.5, 11.3)

1.8(0.5, 9.0)

0.684

 IABP (n, %)

37 (18.3)

9 (19.6)

28 (17.9)

0.803

 Indication

   

0.004

 Circulatory shock

184 (91.1)

37 (80.4)

147 (94.2)

 

 ECPR

18 (8.9)

9 (19.6)

9 (5.8)

 

ECMO flow at 24 h (L/min)d

3.2 (2.9, 3.7)

3.2 (2.8, 3.8)

3.2 (2.9, 3.5)

0.887

SOFA score at 24 h

8 (6,13)

9 (7, 15)

7 (5,12)

0.496

Arterial blood gas at 24 h

 pH

7.42 (7.36, 7.48)

7.36 (7.29, 7.43)

7.44 (7.38, 7.49)

0.001

 PaO2 (mmHg)

141.5 (97.0, 218.5)

131.5 (93.0, 284.9)

145.0 (99.0, 205.5)

0.465

PaCO2 (mmHg)e

37.0 (31.7, 41.3)

39.0(33.5, 42.9)

36.1 (31.0, 40.3)

0.129

 HCO3− (mmol/L)

24.0 (21.0, 28.0)

22.0 (18.0, 27.2)

24.8 (22.1, 28.2)

0.015

 Lactate (mmol/L)

2.4 (1.5, 4.2)

3.9 (2.6, 10.4)

2.0 (1.3, 3.4)

 < 0.001

Vasopressors at 24 h

 Norepinephrine (μg/kg/min)f

0.2 (0.1, 0.7)

0.6 (0.2, 1.0)

0.2 (0.1, 0.5)

0.006

 Epinephrine (μg/kg/min)

0.05 (0.02, .10)

0.08 (0.05, 0.15)

0.04 (0.02, 0.10)

0.106

 VIS

20 (8, 69)

51 (12, 100)

18 (6, 50)

0.043

 Any renal complications (n, %)

94 (46.5)

37 (80.4)

57 (36.5)g

 < 0.001

Elevated creatinine

 Creatinine 1.5–3.0 mg/dl

52 (25.7)

23 (50.0)

29 (18.6)

 < 0.001

 Creatinine > 3.0 mg/dl

39 (19.3)

14 (30.4)

25 (16.0)

0.011

RRT required

 Hemofiltration required

44 (21.8)

15 (32.6)

29 (18.6)

0.043

 Dialysis required

1 (0.5)

1 (2.2)

0 (0)

0.228

 Hemodiafiltration

36 (17.8)

17 (37.0)

19 (12.2)

 < 0.001

 Receiving RRT with missing mode

6 (3.0)

1 (2.2)

5 (3.2)

 > 0.999

 ECMO duration (hrs)

142.9 (112.1, 188.8)

148.3 (99.4, 216.0)

142.9 (113.8, 185.6)

 < 0.001

 Successful weaning of ECMO (n, %)

178 (88.1)

22 (47.8)

156 (100)

 < 0.001

 Invasive mechanical ventilation duration (days)

7.0 (5.0, 10.0)

7.5 (4.9, 11.1)

7.0 (5.2, 9.2)

0.339

 Length of ICU stay (days)

13 (8, 20)

8 (5, 12)

14 (9, 20)

 < 0.001

 Length of hospital stay (days)

18 (12, 28)

8 (5, 12)

20 (14, 29)

 < 0.001

  1. PCI Percutaneous coronary intervention, NYHA New York Heart Association, ECMO Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, SOFA Sequential Organ Failure Assessment, SAVE Survival after veno-arterial-ECMO, PaO2 Partial pressure of arterial oxygen, PaCO2 Partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide, HCO3− Bicarbonate, VIS Vasoactive-inotropic score, IABP Intra-aortic balloon pump, ECPR Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation, RRT Renal replacement therapy
  2. aThe p-value represents the result of comparison of nonsurvial group and survival group
  3. bPrior to ECMO initiation
  4. cEF was assessed before cardiac arrest or ECMO initiation
  5. dMissing values: 3%
  6. eMissing values: 5%
  7. fMissing values: 9%
  8. gAmong survivors, 3 patients receiving RRT didn’t acquired elevated creatinine
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