Table 2 Echocardiographic variables according to the RV injury pattern on ICU admission
|  | No RV injury (n = 65) | Isolated RV dilatation (n = 18) | RV dysfunction without RV dilatation (n = 28) | RV dysfunction with RV dilatation (n = 5) | Acute cor pulmonale (n = 2) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ventilatory settings at the time of TTE examination | ||||||
 Standard oxygenation, n (%) | 0 (0) | 1 (6) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |  < 0.01 |
 High-flow nasal oxygen therapy, n (%) | 31 (48) | 8 (44) | 14 (50) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.18 |
 Non invasive ventilation, n (%) | 0 (0) | 1 (6) | 1 (4) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.49 |
 Intubation, n (%) | 34 (52) | 8 (44) | 13 (46) | 5 (100) | 2 (100) | 0.13 |
 Positive end-expiratory pressure (cmH20) | 12 (11–15) | 11 (7–12) | 11 (10–12) | 10 (10–12) | 16 (12–20) | 0.11 |
 Driving pressure (cmH2O) | 13 (11–14) | 13 (11–18) | 12 (11–12) | 12 (12–13) | 13 (12–14) | 0.20 |
 Compliance of the respiratory system (mL/cmH2O) | 31 (25–38) | 27 (20–29) | 35 (30–41) | 33 (26–33) | 37 (32–41) | 0.15 |
Oxygenation variables at the time of TTE examination | ||||||
 pH | 7.45 (7.39–7.50) | 7.40 (7.36–7.49) | 7.46 (7.39–7.49) | 7.33 (7.30–7.37) | 7.30 (7.19–7.34) | 0.06 |
 FiO2 (%) | 0.7 (0.5–0.9) | 0.6 (0.6–0.8) | 0.7 (0.6–0.8) | 0.4 (0.3–0.5) | 0.8 (0.6–1.0) | 0.05 |
 PaO2/FiO2 | 116 (80–190) | 102 (79–135) | 110 (84–188) | 247 (159–296) | 84 (54–115) | 0.04 |
 PaCO2 (mmHg) | 36 (32–41) | 43 (38–47) | 36 (32–40) | 37 (35–40) | 45 (42–48) | 0.01 |
 Blood lactate level (mmol/L) | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) | 1.3 (0.9–1.5) | 1.2 (1.0–1.3) | 1.1 (0.9–1.8) | 0.7 (0.7–0.8) | 0.07 |
Hemodynamic variables at the time of TTE examination | ||||||
 Heart rate (bpm) | 74 (67–83) | 73 (69–94) | 80 (70–90) | 65 (62–97) | 130 (103–157) | 0.12 |
 Systolic arterial pressure (mmHg) | 122 (114–135) | 118 (107–127) | 124 (113–134) | 106 (104–122) | 100 (100–101) | 0.19 |
 Diastolic arterial pressure (mmHg) | 62 (57–70) | 57 (53–63) | 65 (55–73) | 60 (52–72) | 57 (50–65) | 0.40 |
 Mean arterial pressure (mmHg) | 81 (77–93) | 77 (72–85) | 81 (78–90) | 77 (74–93) | 57 (48–66) | 0.09 |
 Norepinephrine, n (%) | 24 (37) | 5 (28) | 12 (43) | 3 (60) | 2 (100) | 0.26 |
 Norepinephrine dosage (µg/kg/min) | 0.11 (0.03–0.20) | 0.15 (0.07–0.33) | 0.17 (0.06–0.24) | 0.31 (0.28–0.42) | 0.18 (0.05–0.30) | 0.26 |
Echocardiographic variables | ||||||
 LV ejection fraction (%) | 63 (55–68) | 68 (58–77) | 56 (50–66) | 60 (57–62) | 70 (58–82) | 0.06 |
 Velocity–time integral of the LV outflow tract (cm) | 22 (19–24) | 21 (18–24) | 22 (18–27) | 16 (15–18) | 24 (18–30) | 0.09 |
 E/A ratio | 0.90 (0.81–1.14) | 1.01 (0.74–1.33) | 0.99 (0.81–1.25) | 1.10 (1.01–1.14) | 0.94 (0.69–1.19) | 0.78 |
 e’septal (cm/s) | 8.9 (6.8–9.4) | 7.5 (6.2–8.6) | 7.0 (5.4–8.7) | 7.4 (7.1–8.2) | 13.3 (11.6–15.0) | 0.01 |
 e’lateral (cm/s) | 9.8 (8.0–12.7) | 9.6 (6.4–10.9) | 9.5 (7.0–11.1) | 8.4 (7.8–9.1) | 13.0 (10.9–15.0) | 0.40 |
 E/e’averaged | 8.00 (6.71–8.91) | 8.12 (6.15–8.94) | 9.30 (7.59–11.03) | 7.46 (5.73–8.14) | 4.91 (4.43–5.40) | 0.03 |
 TAPSE (mm) | 22 (20–26) | 23 (20–26) | 16 (15–20) | 15 (14–18) | 19 (18–20) |  < 0.01 |
 Systolic tricuspid annular velocity (cm/s) | 15 (13–18) | 14 (12–16) | 13 (10–16) | 11 (9–12) | 13 (11–14) | 0.01 |
 RV FAC (%) | 47 (43–57) | 49 (44–51) | 38 (31–48) | 33 (28–33) | 33 (31–34) |  < 0.01 |
 RV/LV end-diastolic areas ratio | 0.24 (0.16–0.47) | 0.72 (0.67–0.80) | 0.19 (0.15–0.48) | 0.83 (0.74–0.85) | 0.75 (0.66–0.85) |  < 0.01 |
 SPAP (mmHg) | 26 (21–40) | 31 (30–32) | 25 (20–32) | 31 (20–39) | N/A | 0.47 |
 Paradoxical septal motion, n (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (100) |  < 0.01 |
 TAPSE/SPAP (mm/mmHg)* | 0.84 (0.57–1.02) | 0.74 (0.68–0.85) | 0.60 (0.46–0.72) | 0.64 (0.46–0.78) | – | 0.30 |
 RV FAC/SPAP (%/mmHg)* | 1.92 (1.39–2.20) | 1.59 (1.25–1.72) | 1.70 (0.96–2.45) | 1.13 (0.84–1.62) | – | 0.05 |