Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients at presentation to the ICU

Demographics

Age, median [IQR], y

62.9 [47.4–74.5]

66.2 [52.6–75.6]

70.2 [61.7–80.7]

62.1 [33.4–75.3]

49 [30.5–58.5]

49 [34.9–59.9]

 < 0.001

Female sex

654/1748 (37.4)

361/958 (37.7)

100/273 (36.6)

44/117 (37.6)

120/307 (39.1)

29/93 (31.2)

0.73

Preadmission status

Clinical Frailty Scale score ≥ 5

388/1748 (22.2)

206/958 (21.5)

72/273 (26.4)

30/117 (25.6)

71/307 (23.1)

9/93 (9.7)

0.01

Charlson comorbidity index ≥ 1

976/1733 (56.3)

569/953 (59.7)

171/272 (62.9)

59/116 (50.9)

143/303 (47.2)

34/89 (38.2)

 < 0.001

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

250/1745 (14.3)

146/955 (15.3)

43/273 (15.8)

26/117 (22.2)

28/307 (9.2)

7/93 (7.6)

0.01

Congestive heart failure

232/1743 (13.3)

140/952 (14.7)

44/273 (16.1)

20/117 (17.1)

23/307 (7.5)

5/93 (5.4)

0.01

Diabetes mellitus

438/1742 (25.1)

231/954 (24.2)

94/273 (34.4)

29/117 (24.8)

72/306 (23.5)

12/90 (13.3)

 < 0.001

Chronic kidney disease

207/1744 (11.9)

116/958 (12.1)

41/273 (15)

15/117 (12.8)

24/307 (7.8)

11/91 (12)

0.11

Cirrhosis

62/1739 (3.6)

29/958 (3)

12/272 (4.4)

1/115 (0.9)

14/305 (4.6)

6/90 (6.7)

0.12

Cancer

198/1741 (11.4)

133/957 (13.9)

31/272 (11.4)

8/116 (6.9)

17/304 (5.6)

9/92 (9.8)

0.01

Alcohol use

340/1748 (19.5)

183/958 (19.1)

45/273 (16.5)

16/117 (13.7)

66/307 (21.5)

30/93 (32.3)

 < 0.001

Opioid use

39/1748 (2.2)

9/958 (0.9)

2/273 (0.7)

3/117 (2.6)

22/307 (7.2)

3/93 (3.2)

 < 0.001

Current smoker

492/1748 (28.1)

254/948 (26.5)

53/273 (19.4)

34/117 (29.1)

116/307 (37.8)

35/93 (37.6)

 < 0.001

BMI, median [IQR], kg/m2

24.9 [21.6–29.3]

25.3 [22.2–29.4]

25.8 [22.5–30.4]

25.1 [21.2–28.9]

23.9 [20.1–28.1]

23.5 [20.7–27.8]

 < 0.001

ICU admission status

Direct ICU admission from ED or home

1080/1748 (61.8)

575/958 (60)

167/273 (61.2)

83/117 (70.9)

192/307 (62.5)

63/93 (67.7)

0.14

Time from hospital to ICU admission, median [IQR], d

0 [0–1]

0 [0–1]

0 [0–1]

0 [0–0]

0 [0–1]

0 [0–0]

0.03

Reason for ICU admission

Respiratory failure

490/1748 (28)

259/958 (27)

88/273 (32.2)

47/117 (40.2)

73/307 (23.8)

23/93 (24.7)

 < 0.001

Shock

176/1748 (10.1)

110/958 (11.5)

25/273 (9.2)

4/117 (3.4)

26/307 (8.5)

11/93 (11.8)

Coma of cerebrovascular cause

26/1748 (1.5)

16/958 (1.7)

8/273 (2.9)

0/117 (0)

1/307 (0.3)

1/93 (1.1)

Coma of toxic cause

120/1748 (6.9)

57/958 (5.9)

10/273 (3.7)

8/117 (6.8)

32/307 (10.4)

13/93 (14)

Coma of other cause

93/1748 (5.3)

42/958 (4.4)

11/273 (4)

7/117 (6)

27/307 (8.8)

6/93 (6.5)

Cardiac arrest

105/1748 (6)

68/958 (7.1)

15/273 (5.5)

2/117 (1.7)

14/307 (4.6)

6/93 (6.5)

Other

738/1748 (42.2)

406/958 (42.4)

116/273 (42.5)

49/117 (41.9)

134/307 (43.6)

33/93 (35.5)

SAPS II without age, median [IQR], pts

35 [22–50]

24 [15–38]

24 [15–40]

22 [12–32]

24 [13–40]

25 [15–38]

0.20

SOFA score, median [IQR], pts

3 [1–6]

3 [2–6]

3 [2–6]

3 [1–5]

3 [1–6]

4 [1–7]

0.07