Table 2 Characteristics of ventilator-associated pneumonia episodes
From: Recurrent ventilator-associated pneumonia in severe Covid-19 ARDS patients requiring ECMO support
Characteristics | 1st VAP (n = 210) | 1st recurrence (n = 172) | All following VAP (n = 292) |
|---|---|---|---|
Time since previous VAP, days | – | 10 (7–13) | 11 (8–15) |
Polymicrobial VAP | 65 (31) | 64 (37) | 113 (39) |
Pathogens* | |||
Enterobacteriaceae | 109 (52) | 106 (62) | 157 (54) |
Inducible AmpC Enterobacteriaceae | 41 (38) | 43 (41) | 70 (45) |
ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae | 20 (18) | 31 (29) | 54 (34) |
Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae | 3 (3) | 7 (7) | 10 (6) |
Non-fermenting GNB | 75 (36) | 112 (65) | 208 (71) |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 59 (79) | 87 (78) | 176 (85) |
Difficult-to-treat strain† | 1 (2) | 7 (8) | 39 (22) |
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia | 12 (16) | 16 (14) | 26 (13) |
Acinetobacter spp. | 3 (4) | 8 (7) | 5 (2) |
Gram-positive cocci | 67 (32) | 21 (12) | 38 (13) |
Staphylococcus aureus | 39 (58) | 12 (57) | 20 (53) |
Methicillin susceptible | 33 (85) | 8 (67) | 14 (70) |
Methicillin resistant | 6 (15) | 4 (33) | 6 (30) |
Enterococcus spp. | 11 (16) | 7 (33) | 17 (45) |
Streptococcus spp. | 12 (18) | 1 (5) | 1 (3) |
Abscess | – | 13 (8) | 14 (5) |
Type of recurrence | |||
Persistent infection | – | 55 (32) | 142 (49) |
Relapse | – | 53 (31) | 102 (35) |
Superinfection | – | 64 (37) | 48 (16) |