Study | Country | Study design | Group | Simple size (Total, Medical, Surgical, n) | Baseline PaO2/FiO2 (mmHg) | Targeted SpO2,% (PaO2, mmHg) | Actual PaO2# (mmHg) | Mortality (30-,90-day,%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mortality (LOT-COT > 5%) |  | |||||||
 Asfar 2017 [42] | France | Multicenter RCT | COT | 223, ND | 228 ± 103 | 88–95 | 84.3 ± 20.2 | 35.5%, 41.5% |
LOT | 219, ND | 220 ± 103 | FiO2:1.0 | 87.3 ± 22.4 | 42.9%, 47.9% | |||
 Girardis 2016 [11] | Italy | Single-center, open-label RCT | COT | 236, 77, 139 |  ≥ 150 | 94–98 (70–100) | 87.7 ± 13.4 | 16.2%, ND |
LOT | 244, 86, 132 |  ≥ 150 | 97–100 (up to 150) | 102.0 ± 20.9 | 25.2%, ND | |||
 Yang 2019 [37] | China | Multicenter RCT | COT | 100, 88, 12 |  ≥ 100 | 90–95 | 84.7 ± 21.1 | 26.0%, ND |
LOT | 114, 94, 14 |  ≥ 100 | 96–100 | 97.7 ± 27.8 | 32.5%, ND | |||
Mortality (LOT-COT − 5% ~ 5%) |  | |||||||
 Gelissen 2021 [43] | Netherlands | Multicenter RCT | COT | 294, 143, 50 | PaO2:92.8 ± 36.4, FiO2:0.48 ± 0.16 | ND (60–90) | 81.4 ± 12.5 | ND, 35.1% |
LOT | 280, 139, 41 | PaO2:93.8 ± 24.6, FiO2:0.49 ± 0.15 | ND (105–135) | 96.5 ± 22.4 | ND, 34.4% | |||
 Mackle 2020 [38] | Australia and New Zealand | Multicenter RCT | COT | 499, 335, 149 | 259 ± 146 | 91–96 | 83.1 ± 2.8 | 31.8%, 34.7% |
LOT | 501, 335, 146 | 245 ± 138 |  ≥ 91 | 94.9 ± 4.5 | 29.1%, 32.5% | |||
 Nielsen 2024 [28] | Denmark, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland, and Wales | Multicenter RCT | COT | 365, 362, 0 | 94.7 ± 38.0 | ND (60) | 71.3 ± 5.2 | 30.2% |
LOT | 361, 358, 0 | 98.0 ± 37.2 | ND (90) | 90.3 ± 8.9 | 34.7% | |||
 Panwar 2016 [36] | Australia, France and New Zealand | Multicenter, multinational RCT | COT | 53, 39, 10 | 248 ± 112 | 88–92 | 70.3 ± 3.8 | ND, 40.4% |
LOT | 51, 41, 8 | 247 ± 113 |  ≥ 96 | 92.3 ± 5.3 | ND, 37.3% | |||
 Rasmussen [46]* | Substudy of HOT-ICU [39] | COT | 54, 54, 0 | 109.3 ± 49.7 | ND (60) | 70.8 ± 4.6 | ND, 40.7% | |
LOT | 56, 56, 0 | 100.5 ± 41.7 | ND (90) | 92.0 ± 8.0 | ND, 41.8% | |||
 Schjørring 2021 [39] | Denmark, Switzerland, Finland, Netherlands, Norway, UK and Iceland | Multicenter RCT | COT | 1462, 1248, 205 | 121.6 ± 51 | ND (60) | 71.3 ± 7.3 | ND, 42.9% |
LOT | 1466, 1240, 217 | 120.4 ± 47.3 | ND (90) | 93.0 ± 8.6 | ND, 42.4% | |||
 Semler 2022 [44] | USA | Cluster-crossover RCT | COT | 963a, ND 992b, ND | PaO2:97.7 ± 58.7, FiO2:0.32 ± 0.18a PaO2:107.7 ± 64.6,FiO2:0.37 ± 0.19b | 88–92 (55–65)a, 92–96 (65–80)b | 70.8a 82.7b | 34.8%, ND 34.0%, ND |
LOT | 1032c, ND | PaO2:103.7 ± 62.4,FiO2:0.48 ± 0.15c | 96–100 (> 80)c | 90.2c | 33.2%, ND | |||
 van der Wal 2023 [27] | Netherlands and Italy | Multicenter RCT | COT | 439, 258, 76 |  ≥ 150 | 91–94 (55–80) | 76.1 ± 10.2 | 38.5%, 43.0% |
LOT | 443, 251, 78 |  ≥ 150 | 96–100 (110–150) | 114.8 ± 21.4 | 34.7%, 40.4% | |||
Mortality (COT-LOT > 5%) |  | |||||||
 Barrot 2020 [41] | France | Multicenter RCT | COT | 103, ND | 116.8 ± 47.4 | 88–92 (55–70) | 71.3 ± 3.2 | 34.3%, 44.4% |
LOT | 102, ND | 120.1 ± 53.6 |  ≥ 96 (90–105) | 100.6 ± 6.7 | 26.5%,30.4% | |||
 Klitgaard [47]* | Substudy of HOT-ICU [39] | COT | 82, 82, 4 | 120.8 ± 53.2 | ND (60) | 72.5 ± 10.2 | ND, 65.4% | |
LOT | 86, 86, 6 | 119.0 ± 53.2 | ND (90) | 95.3 ± 7.4 | ND, 54.6% | |||
 Martin 2021 [40] | England | Single-center RCT | COT | 17, 17, 0 | PaO2:86.3 ± 18.0 FiO2:0.43 ± 0.12 | 88–92 | 65.0 ± 8.5 | 31.3%, 40.0% |
LOT | 17, 17, 0 | No restrictions | 90.3 ± 22.4 | 29.4%, 31.3% | ||||
 Nafae 2023 [45] | Egypt | Single-center RCT | COT | 28, 28, 0 | 129.36 ± 32.6 | 88–92 | 61.4 ± 3.1 | ND, 35.7% |
LOT | 28, 28, 0 | 120.36 ± 28.63 | 94–97 | 76.7 ± 5.4 | ND, 21.4% |