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Annals of Intensive Care

Table 1 Baseline characteristics

From: Percutaneous cannulation is associated with lower rate of severe neurological complication in femoro-femoral ECPR: results from the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization Registry

Parameter [median (IQR)/n (%)]

Overall (n = 3575)

Percutaneous group (n = 2749)

Surgical group (n = 826)

p value

Age, years

57 (45–66)

57 (46–66)

56 (43–65)

0.045

Femalea

989 (28)

751 (27)

238 (29)

0.451

Weighta kg

80 (70–98)

84 (70–100)

75 (64–90)

 < 0.001

BMIa kg/m2

28 (24–33)

28 (24–33)

27 (24–31)

0.001

Race

 White

1926 (54)

1664 (61)

262 (32)

 < 0.001

 Asian

792 (22)

360 (13)

432 (52)

 < 0.001

 Black

337 (9)

285 (10)

52 (6)

 < 0.001

 Hispanic

135 (4)

110 (4)

25 (3)

0.076

 Others

385 (11)

330 (12)

55 (7)

 < 0.001

Comorbid conditionsa

 Hypertension

373 (11)

306 (12)

67 (8)

0.003

 Diabetes

280 (8)

226 (9)

54 (7)

0.057

 Coronary artery disease

1069 (31)

849 (33)

220 (27)

0.002

 Chronic heart failure

279 (8)

220 (8)

59 (7)

0.253

 COPD

49 (1)

42 (2)

7 (1)

0.111

 Chronic kidney disease

168 (5)

136 (5)

32 (4)

0.127

 Obesity

781 (23)

679 (26)

102 (12)

 < 0.001

CA characteristicsa

 Cardiac origin

2274 (67)

1754 (68)

520 (64)

0.037

 OHCA

429 (21)

323 (21)

106 (21)

0.717

 Witnessed

1809 (89)

1341 (88)

468 (90)

0.283

 Initial shockable rhythm

1088 (55)

822 (56)

266 (52)

0.111

Pre-ECMO supporta

 Renal replacement therapy

110 (4)

91 (4)

19 (3)

0.070

 Intra-aortic balloon

397 (14)

294 (13)

103 (14)

0.498

 PVAD

105 (4)

96 (4)

9 (1)

 < 0.001

 Norepinephrine

1228 (42)

965 (44)

263 (36)

 < 0.001

 Vasopressin

253 (9)

232 (10)

21 (3)

 < 0.001

Pre-ECMO ABGa

 PH

7.14 (6.99–7.29)

7.13 (6.98–7.27)

7.17 (7.00–7.33)

 < 0.001

 PaCO2, mmHg

49 (36–69)

50 (37–70)

47 (32–66)

 < 0.001

 PaO2, mmHg

73 (49–135)

74 (49–131)

73 (48–142)

0.816

 HCO3, mmol/L

17.0 (13.0–21.6)

17.0 (12.8–21.5)

17.9 (13.0–21.8)

0.021

 Pre-ECMO MAPa mmHg

57 (40–75)

57 (40–73)

58 (40–79)

0.299

Post-ECMO ABGa

 PH

7.40 (7.34–7.46)

7.40 (7.34–7.45)

7.40 (7.34–7.48)

0.071

 PaCO2, mmHg

36 (31–41)

37 (32–41)

34 (27–41)

 < 0.001

 PaO2, mmHg

150 (92–289)

147 (90–297)

167 (95–271)

0.369

 HCO3, mmol/L

19.0 (23.0–26.0)

19.6 (23.0–26.0)

18.1 (21.2–24.7)

 < 0.001

 ΔPaCO2, mmHg

−12 (−31 to 0)

−12 (−31 to 0)

−11 (−31 to 1)

0.747

 Rel∆CO2, %

−26 (−48 to 0)

−26 (−47 to 0)

−27 (−51 to 2)

0.370

 PaO2 > 300 mmHg

658 (24)

537 (24)

121 (21)

0.092

ECMO characteristicsa

 Bilateral femoral cannula

1192 (33)

1072 (39)

120 (15)

 < 0.001

 Distal limb cannula

945 (26)

810 (29)

135 (16)

 < 0.001

 Cannulation in ER

460 (25)

328 (23)

132 (29)

0.018

 Cannulation in OR

160 (9)

97 (7)

63 (17)

 < 0.001

 Cannulation in ICU

521 (28)

365 (26)

156 (34)

0.001

 Cannulation in CCL

615 (33)

535 (38)

80 (17)

 < 0.001

 VA-ECMO duration (days)

3.0 (1.2–6.1)

3.1 (1.2–6.1)

3.0 (1.0–6.1)

0.294

  1. Data are presented as medians (25th–75th percentile) or n (%)
  2. IQR interquartile range, BMI body mass index, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, OHCA out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, PVAD percutaneous ventricular assist device, ABG arterial blood gas, ΔPaCO2 calculated as (24hPostECMOPaCO2–PreECMOPaCO2), Rel∆CO2 calculated as ΔPaCO2/PreECMOPaCO2, ER emergency room, OR operating room, ICU intensive care unit, CCL cardiac cath lab, VA-ECMO veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
  3. aMissing values for some variables resulted in different denominators for the following variables: sex(n = 3551), weight(n = 3445), BMI(n = 1999), comorbid conditions (n = 3412), cardiac origin (n = 3412), OHCA (n = 2017), witnessed (n = 2035), initial shockable rhythm (n = 1983),pre-ECMO support(n = 2933) PH(n = 2420), CO2(n = 2351), PO2(n = 2321), HCO3(n = 2279), pre-ECMO MAP (n = 1687), post-ECMO ABG(n = 2766), Cannulation in ER (n = 1872), Cannulation in OR(n = 1872), Cannulation in ICU(n = 1872), VA-ECMO duration (n = 3573)
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