Table 1 Categorized risk factors for intra-abdominal hypertension

   • Mechanical ventilation

   • Abdominal surgery with primary fascial or tight closure

   • Major trauma

   • Major burns

   • Prone positioning

   • Head of bed > 30 degrees

   • Body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m² or morbid obesity

Increased intra-luminal contents

   • Gastroparesis (gastric dilation or gastric residual > 500 mL).

   • Ileus, paralytic or mechanical (abdominal distention or absence of bowel sounds)

   • Colonic pseudo-obstruction

Increased abdominal contents

   • Hemoperitoneum or pneumoperitoneum

   • Ascites secondary to liver dysfunction

   • Ascites secondary to liver dysfunction

   • Other intra-abdominal injuries (peritonitis, abscess)

Capillary leak syndrome or fluid resuscitation

   • Acidosis (arterial pH < 7.2)

   • Hypotension (systolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg or mean arterial pressure < 70 mmHg or a systolic blood pressure decrease > 40 mmHg or > 2 standard deviation below normal for age in the absence of other causes of hypotension)

   • Hypothermia (core temperature < 33°C).

   • Multiple transfusions (> 10 units of blood)

   • Coagulopathy (platelets < 55,000/mm³ or prothrombin time < 15 s or partial thromboplastin time > 2 times normal or international standardized ratio > 1.5)

   • Massive fluid resuscitation (> 5 L of colloid or crystalloid)

   • Acute pancreatitis

   • Oliguria (urine output < 500 mL).

   • Sepsis (American-European Consensus Conference definitions)

   • Major trauma

   • Major burns

   • Damage control laparotomy