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Annals of Intensive Care

Table 3 Baseline characteristics

From: Timing of (supplemental) parenteral nutrition in critically ill patients: a systematic review

Baseline characteristics

Study

Units

Study arms

Significance of results

EPN

LPN

EN

Age

Bauer 2000 [11]

Years; mean ± SD

53 ± 18

x

55 ± 18

p = ns

Cahill 2011 [12]

64 ± 15.7

62.8 ± 16.3

59.3 ± 16.8

p = 0.095

Casaer 2011 [13]

64 ± 14

64 ± 15

x

p = 0.53

Doig 2013 [14]

68.4 ± 15.1

x

68.6 ± 14.3

NR

Heidegger 2013 [15]

x

61 ± 16

60 ± 16

NR

Kutsogiannis 2011 [16]

62.3 ± 17.9

56.4 ± 17.5

58.4 ± 17.9

p = 0.02^

Gender

Bauer 2000 [11]

Male sex; no (%)

40 (66.7)

x

42 (70)

p = ns

Cahill 2011 [12]

54 (65.1)

54 (68.4)

303 (56)

p = 0.13

Casaer 2011 [13]

1,486 (64.3)

1,486 (63.8)

x

p = 0.75

Doig 2013 [14]

400 (58.7)

x

420 (61.6)

NR

Heidegger 2013 [15]

x

110 (72)

105 (69%)

NR

Kutsogiannis 2011 [16]

121 (64.4)

105 (61.8)

1,563 (61.0)

p = 0.66

BMI

Bauer 2000 [11]

kg/m2; mean ± SD

26 ± 5

x

26 ± 5

p = ns

Cahill 2011 [12]

kg/m2; mean ± SD

26.1 ± 5.3

26.8 ± 5.6

27.4 ± 7.3

p = 0.28

<25 kg/m2; no (%)

41 (49.4)

32 (40.5)

225 (41.6)

p = 0.054*

25 to 30 kg/m2; no (%)

26 (31.3)

25 (31.7)

166 (31.3)

>30 kg/m2; no (%)

16 (19.3)

22 (27.8)

140 (25.9)

Casaer 2011 [13]

<25 kg/m2; no (%)

988 (42.7%)

1,031 (44.2%)

x

p = 0.34

25 to 30 kg/m2; no (%)

852 (36.9)

864 (37.1)

x

>30 kg/m2; no (%)

472 (20.4)

433 (18.6)

x

Doig 2013 [14]

kg/m2; mean ± SD

27.9 ± 6.8

x

28.5 ± 6.9

NR

>30 kg/m2; no (%)

190 (27.9)

x

224 (32.8)

<18.5 kg/m2; no (%)

26 (3.8)

x

20 (2.9)

Heidegger 2013 [15]

kg/m2; mean ± SD

x

25.4 ± 3.9

26.4 ± 4.6

NR

Kutsogiannis 2011 [16]

kg/m2; mean ± SD

24.5 ± 4.7

27.0 ± 6.9

27. 2 ± 7.0

p < 0.0001^

<25 kg/m2; no (%)

120 (63.8)

74 (43.5)

1,143 (44.6)

p < 0.0003^

25 to 30 kg/m2; no (%)

47 (25.0)

53 (31.6)

756 (29.7)

>30 kg/m2; no (%)

21 (11.1)

41 (24.1)

649 (25.3)

Severity of illness

Bauer 2000 [11]

SAPS II score; mean ± SD

43 ± 14

x

41 ± 13

p = ns

Cahill 2011 [12]

APACHE II score; mean ± SD

25.2 ± 8.5

24.9 ± 8.4

24.3 ± 8.5

p = 0.902

Casaer 2011 [13]

APACHE II score; mean ± SD

23 ± 11

23 ± 10

x

p = 0.85

Doig 2013 [14]

APACHE II score; mean ± SD

20.5 (7.4)

x

21.5 (7.8)

NR

Heidegger 2013 [15]

SAPS II score; mean ± SD

x

49 ± 17

47 ± 15

NR

APACHE II score; mean ± SD

x

22 ± 7

23 ± 7

NR

Kutsogiannis 2011 [16]

APACHE II score; mean ± SD

22.6 ± 8.4

23.3 ± 7.9

22.0 ± 7.9

p = 0.11

Amounts of calories delivered

Bauer 2000 [11]

Enteral intake; mean kcal/kg/day on day 7

14.8 ± 4.6

x

13.2 ± 4.3

p = 0.6

Parenteral intake; mean kcal/kg/day on day 7

9.9 ± 3.1

x

1.1 ± 0.3

p < 0.0001

Total intake; mean kcal/kg/day on day 7

24.6 ± 4.9

x

14.2 ± 6.5

p < 0.0001

Cahill 2011 [12]

Enteral intake; mean kcal/kg/day ± SD

5.1 ± 4.9

4.4 ± 3.9

8.8 ± 5.3

p < 0.001†

Parenteral intake; mean kcal/kg/day ± SD

12.0 ± 6.3

8.5 ± 5.9

0

p < 0.001

Total intake; mean kcal/kg/day ± SD

17.5 ± 5.8

13.6 ± 6.3

9.9 ± 5.5

p < 0.001

Casaer 2011 [13]

Enteral intake; median kcal/kg/day on day 7, resp day 8

4 vs 4

6 vs 6

x

NR‡

Parenteral intake; median kcal/kg/day on day 7, resp day 8

20 vs 20

3 vs 4

x

Total intake; median kcal/kg/day on day 7

27 vs 26

13 vs 21

x

Doig 2013 [14]

Mean kcal/pt/day on day 1, resp day 7

400 vs 1,300

x

0 vs 1,300

NR‡

Heidegger 2013 [15]

kcal/kg/day; mean energy delivery between days 4 and 8 ± SD

x

28 ± 5

20 ± 7

p < 0.0001

Kutsogiannis 2011 [16]

Enteral intake; mean kcal/kg/day ± SD

10.2 ± 6.4

7.3 ± 5.1

14.3 ± 6.5

p < 0.001

Parenteral intake; mean kcal/kg/day ± SD

9.0 ± 5.9

7.6 ± 5.9

0

p = 0.02

Total intake; mean kcal/kg/day ± SD

19.5 ± 6.2

15.7 ± 6.1

15.2 ± 6.5

p < 0.001

Amounts of proteins delivered

Bauer 2000 [11]

 

NR

x

NR

 

Cahill 2011 [12]

Adequacy of protein (%); mean ± SD

71.5 ± 24.9

53.2 ± 22.7

38.7 ± 21.6

p < 0.001

Casaer 2011 [13]

 

NR

NR

x

 

Doig 2013 [14]

 

NR

x

NR

 

Heidegger 2013 [15]

g/kg/day; mean protein delivery between day 4 and 8 ± SD

x

1.2 ± 0.2

0.8 ± 0.3

p < 0.0001

Kutsogiannis 2011 [16]

Enteral intake; mean g/kg/day ± SD

0.53 ± 0.33

0.47 ± 0.29

0.77 ± 0.35

p < 0.0001

Parenteral intake; mean g/kg/day ± SD

0.63 ± 0.39

0.71 ± 0.40

0

p = 0.48

Total intake; mean g/kg/day ± SD

0.94 ± 0.40

0.77 ± 0.30

0.77 ± 0.35

p < 0.0001

Type of nutrition

Bauer 2000 [11]

EN: modular polymeric diet: protein (20%), polyunsaturated fats (30%), carbohydrates (50%), nonsoluble fibers, sodium chloride (2 g/l), potassium chloride (3 g/l) and a standard solution of hydro- and liposoluble vitamins

PN: 3-in-1 solution of carbohydrates, fat and protein, Vitrimix KV and hydrosoluble vitamins, Soluvit

Placebo: sodium chloride 0.9% with intralipid 20% (50 ml/l) and Soluvit (10 ml/l)

Cahill 2011 [12]

NR

Casaer 2011 [13]

EN: mainly Osmolite

EPN: intravenous 20% glucose solution on days 1 and 2. On day 3: PN was initiated

LPN: intravenous 5% glucose solution. On day 8: PN was initiated

PN: trace elements, minerals (potassium, phosphate, magnesium) and vitamins

Doig 2013 [14]

Standard care: was defined pragmatically and not via protocol. The attending clinician selected the route, starting rate, metabolic targets and composition of nutrition.

PN: standard parenteral nutrition from a ready-to-mix three-chamber bag containing amino acids, glucose, lipids, and electrolytes (Kabiven G19%). Trace elements, minerals and vitamins were added as clinically appropriate.

Heidegger 2013 [15]

EN: polymeric, fibre-enriched formulas, containing 1.05 to 1.62 kcal/ml of energy (18% proteins, 29% lipids (8% medium-chain triglycerides), 53% carbohydrates)

PN: 0.62 to 1.37 kcal/ml of energy (20% proteins, 29% lipids (15% medium-chain triglycerides), 51% carbohydrates).

Kutsogiannis 2011 [16]

NR

  1. EPN, early parenteral nutrition; LPN, late parenteral nutrition; EN, enteral nutrition; SD, standard deviation; x, not applicable; p, p-value; ns, nonsignificant; NR, not reported; no, number of patients; %, percentage; kg/m2, weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared; SAPS II score, simplified acute physiology score; APACHE II score, score on the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (range from 0 to 71, with higher scores indicating a greater severity of illness); kcal, kilocalories; kg, kilograms; resp, respectively; vs, versus; g, grams; PN, parenteral nutrition; l, liters.
  2. NB: studies use different definitions for EPN, LPN and EN. ^, comparing EPN versus EN and EPN versus LPN; *, in this EN group information of 10 patients is missing; †, comparing EPN versus EN and LPN versus EN; ‡, these are estimated values from a figure, as no values are given.
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