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Annals of Intensive Care

Table 1 Patient characteristics, categorized by preload

From: Associations among left ventricular systolic function, tachycardia, and cardiac preload in septic patients

Variable [median (IQR) or N (%)]

Overall N = 452

Preload (N = 338)

p value

E/e′ < 8

N = 57

8 ≤ E/e′ ≤ 14

N = 160

E/e′ > 14

N = 121

Cohort details

 Female

240 (53%)

22 (39%)

78 (49%)

89 (74%)

<0.001

 Age, years

65 (54–75)

59 (46–71)

64 (52–73)

71 (62–78)

<0.001

 Body mass index

28 (24–34)

26 (24–31)

28 (24–33)

29 (25–33)

0.44

 APACHE II

25 (18–33)

29 (18–36)

24 (16–33)

24 (18–29)

0.10

 SOFA

9 (6–12)

9 (6–13)

9 (6–12)

8 (6–10)

0.09

 MAP, mm Hg

69 (61–77)

69 (65–77)

69 (61–76)

70 (60–76)

0.61

 Receiving vasopressors

175 (39%)

31 (54%)

74 (46%)

35 (29%)

0.001

 Norepinephrine-equivalent dose, mcg/kg/mina

0.14 (0.07–0.30)

0.17 (0.09–0.29)

0.15 (0.06–0.34)

0.09 (0.06–0.22)

0.23

 Mechanically ventilated

138 (31%)

31 (54%)

44 (28%)

24 (20%)

<0.001

 PiO2/FiO2 ratio, mm Hg

234 (160–335)

223 (145–316)

248 (165–365)

250 (185–360)

0.66

 Serum lactate, mmol/dL

2.3 (1.4–3.8)

2.6 (1.5–4.0)

2.4 (1.5–3.9)

1.8 (1.2–3.5)

0.08

 Heart rate, BPM

97 (83–112)

100 (86–114)

98 (83–112)

93 (78–106)

0.08

 Fluid (6 h prior to echo), Lb

3.0 (1.2–4.0)

3.0 (1.9–4.8)

3.4 (2.0–5.0)

2.0 (1.0–4.0)

0.004

Echocardiographic parameters

 Ejection fraction, %

61 (52–69)

61 (50–70)

62 (56–67)

62.8 (52–70)

0.69

 Strain, %

−17 (−20 to −12)

−16 (−20 to 11)

−17 (−20 to 13)

−16 (−20 to 13)

0.38

 E/e′

11.9 (8.9–16.3)

6.7 (5.9–7.4)

10.5 (9.4–12.2)

18.5 (15.7–21.8)

<0.001

 Stroke volume, mL

56 (45–70)

48 (37–65)

61 (47–72)

60 (48–75)

0.015

Diastolic functionb

    

<0.001

 Grade 0 (normal)

197 (49%)

26 (65%)

106 (72%)

16 (14%)

 

 Grade 1

23 (6%)

5 (13%)

12 (8%)

2 (2%)

 

 Grade 2

43 (11%)

1 (2%)

0 (0%)

40 (34%)

 

 Grade 3

16 (4%)

1 (2%)

1 (1%)

12 (10%)

 

 Indeterminate

119 (30%)

7 (18%)

27 (18%)

48 (41%)

 

Clinical outcomes

 Inpatient mortality

87 (19%)

14 (25%)

28 (18%)

21 (17%)

0.46

 28-Day mortality

103 (23%)

14 (25%)

33 (21%)

29 (24%)

0.73

 OFFD cardiovascular to day 14

13 (9–13)

12 (7–13)

13 (9–13)

13 (10–13)

0.08

 OFFD coagulation to day 14

14 (13–14)

14 (12–14)

14 (13–14)

14 (13–14)

0.98

 OFFD hepatic to day 14

14 (12–14)

14 (10–14)

14 (12–14)

14 (13–14)

0.50

 OFFD renal to day 14

13 (11–14)

13 (9–14)

13 (12–14)

13 (12–14)

0.39

  1. Preload was defined according to the ratio of early diastolic mitral filling to early mitral annular tissue velocity (E/e′)
  2. APACHE Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation, SOFA Sequential Organ Failure Assessment, MAP mean arterial pressure, E/e′ ratio of early diastolic mitral inflow blood velocity to early diastolic mitral annular tissue velocity. OFFD organ-failure-free days
  3. aAmong those receiving vasopressors
  4. bThese data were only collected in the 398 patients from Intermountain ICUs, 40 with low preload, 146 with intermediate preload, 118 with high preload
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