Table 1 Patient characteristics and outcomes
Patient characteristic or outcome | All patients with ARDS (N = 234) | Patients with ARDS, without severe ACP (N = 168) | Patients with ARDS, with severe ACP (N = 66) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) (mean ± SD) | 62.3 ± 14.3 | 62.0 ± 14.7 | 64.8 ± 12.9 | 0.180 |
Female sex (%) | 88 (37.6) | 65 (38.7) | 23 (34.9) | 0.654 |
APACHE II score (mean ± SD) | 26.8 ± 8.3 | 26.7 ± 8.1 | 27.3 ± 8.7 | 0.615 |
Arterial blood gas measurement | ||||
PF ratio (mmHg) (mean ± SD) | 171 ± 67 | 172 ± 69 | 169 ± 63 | 0.801 |
pH (mean ± SD) | 7.33 ± 0.12 | 7.34 ± 0.11 | 7.31 ± 0.13 | 0.065 |
PaCO2 (mmHg) (mean ± SD) | 43 ± 14 | 42 ± 13 | 47 ± 16 | 0.001 |
ARDSa (%) | ||||
Mild | 83 (35.5) | 59 (35.1) | 24 (36.4) | 0.892 |
Moderate | 108 (46.2) | 79 (47.0) | 29 (43.9) | |
Severe | 43 (18.4) | 30 (17.9) | 13 (19.7) | |
Primary diagnosis (%) | ||||
Pneumonia | 208 (88.9) | 151 (89.9) | 57 (86.4) | 0.489 |
Non-pneumonia sepsis | 26 (11.1) | 17 (10.1) | 9 (13.6) | |
Comorbidities (%) | ||||
Diabetes mellitus | 81 (34.6) | 61 (36.3) | 20 (30.3) | 0.446 |
Hypertension | 115 (49.2) | 86 (51.2) | 29 (43.9) | 0.384 |
Ischaemic heart disease | 55 (23.5) | 43 (25.6) | 12 (18.2) | 0.304 |
Chronic heart failure | 9 (3.9) | 7 (4.2) | 2 (3.0) | 1.000 |
Asthma | 14 (6.0) | 10 (6.0) | 4 (6.1) | 1.000 |
COPD | 17 (7.3) | 13 (7.7) | 4 (6.1) | 0.785 |
Bronchiectasis | 10 (4.3) | 7 (4.2) | 3 (4.6) | 1.000 |
Chronic renal failure | 38 (16.2) | 27 (16.1) | 11 (16.7) | 1.000 |
Chronic liver disease | 10 (4.3) | 8 (4.8) | 2 (3.0) | 0.729 |
Stroke | 16 (6.8) | 13 (7.7) | 3 (4.6) | 0.566 |
Cancer | 39 (16.7) | 31 (18.5) | 8 (12.1) | 0.330 |
Actual body weight (kg) (mean ± SD) | 63.3 ± 17.2 | 63.4 ± 16.6 | 62.9 ± 18.6 | 0.840 |
Ventilation modes (%) | ||||
Nil ventilation | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.942 |
CPAP | 17 (7.3) | 13 (7.7) | 4 (6.1) | |
NIV | 10 (4.3) | 7 (4.2) | 3 (4.6) | |
Invasive | 207 (88.5) | 148 (88.1) | 59 (89.4) | |
Respiratory parameters at time of BCCE | ||||
Respiratory rate (breaths/min) (mean ± SD) | 24 ± 3 | 24 ± 4 | 24 ± 2 | 0.274 |
Tidal volume (ml) (mean ± SD) | 408 ± 113 | 409 ± 113 | 407 ± 112 | 0.931 |
Tidal volume (ml/kg IBW) (mean ± SD) | 7 ± 2 | 7 ± 2 | 7 ± 3 | 0.276 |
PEEP (cm H2O) (mean ± SD) | 7 ± 3 | 6 ± 3 | 7 ± 3 | 0.089 |
Plateau pressureb (cm H2O) (mean ± SD) | 21 ± 3 | 21 ± 2 | 21 ± 5 | 0.507 |
Complianceb (ml/cm H2O) (mean ± SD) | 31 ± 14 | 29 ± 12 | 34 ± 18 | 0.047 |
On vasoactive agents (%) | ||||
Any agentc | 77 (32.9) | 55 (32.7) | 22 (33.3) | 1.000 |
Dopamine | 4 (1.7) | 2 (1.2) | 2 (3.0) | 0.316 |
Noradrenaline | 73 (31.2) | 52 (31.0) | 21 (31.8) | 1.000 |
Dobutamine | 2 (0.9) | 2 (1.2) | 0 (0.0) | 1.000 |
Vasopressin | 1 (0.4) | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | 1.000 |
BCCE-detected major abnormalities (%) | ||||
Left ventricular ejection fraction < 40% | 38 (16.2) | 28 (16.7) | 10 (15.2) | 0.846 |
Severe acute cor pulmonale | 66 (28.2) | 0 (0.0) | 66 (100.0) | < 0.001 |
Any major abnormalities | 94 (40.2) | 28 (16.7) | 66 (100.0) | < 0.001 |
LOS, ICU (days), median (IQR) | 7 (4–12) | 7 (4–12) | 7 (3–13) | 0.931 |
LOS, hospital (days), median (IQR) | 17.5 (9–28) | 18 (9–26) | 17 (8–31) | 0.837 |
Mortality, ICU (%) | 62 (26.5) | 37 (22.0) | 25 (37.9) | 0.021 |
Mortality, hospital (%) | 75 (32.1) | 47 (28.0) | 28 (42.4) | 0.043 |