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Annals of Intensive Care

Table 1 Baseline and admission-related characteristics for the total cohort of included patients admitted (n = 3966) and for the cohort of patients admitted > 72 h (n = 1550), comparing ICU survivors with non-survivors (n = 196)

From: The association of intravenous insulin and glucose infusion with intensive care unit and hospital mortality: a retrospective study

Variable

All patients

Admitted > 72 h

ICU survivors (n = 3695)

ICU non-survivors (n = 271)

p valuea

All (n = 3966)

ICU survivors (n = 1354)

ICU non-survivors (n = 196)

p valuea

All > 72 h (n = 1550)

Age (years)

68.8 ± 13.7

70.3 ± 12.7

0.05

68.9 ± 13.6

69.0 ± 13.2

71.4 ± 12.0

0.019

69.3 ± 13.1

Gender (male)

2377 (64.3)

161 (59.4)

0.11

2538 (64.0)

861 (63.6)

122 (62.2)

0.775

983 (63.4)

Body mass index (kg/m2)

27.1 ± 6.2

26.9 ± 5.4

0.59

26.9 ± 5.4

27.2 ± 6.0

27.0 ± 6.1

0.640

27.1 ± 6.0

History of diabetesb

771 (20.8)

66 (24.4)

0.19

837 (21.1)

304 (22.5)

44 (22.4)

1.000

348 (22.5)

 Insulin dependent

315 (8.5)

35 (12.9)

0.02

350 (8.8)

139 (10.3)

22 (11.2)

0.775

161 (10.4)

 Oral anti-diabetes medication

547 (14.8)

37 (13.7)

0.66

584 (14.7)

203 (15.0)

24 (12.2)

0.363

227 (14.6)

History of liver cirrhosis

57 (1.5)

8 (3.0)

0.08

65 (1.6)

21 (1.6)

3 (1.5)

1.000

24 (1.5)

Type of admissionc

  

< 0.001

   

< 0.001

 

 Medical

1680

211

 

1891 (47.7)

814 (60.1)

144 (73.5)

 

958 (61.8)

 Elective/scheduled surgery

1690 (45.7)

27 (10)

 

1717 (43.3)

385 (28.4)

24 (12.2)

 

409 (26.4)

 Urgent/emergency surgery

325 (8.8)

33 (12.2)

 

358 (9.0)

155 (11.4)

28 (14.3)

 

183 (11.8)

Cardiothoracic surgery patients

1715 (46.4)

33 (1.2)

< 0.001

1748 (44.1)

428 (31.6)

26 (13.3)

< 0.001

454 (29.3)

Severity of disease scores

        

 APACHE IV PM (%)

19.6 [2.4 to 28.4]

60.4 [40.0 to 84.4]

< 0.001

22.4 [2.7 to 34.3]

22.4 [8.0 to 47.9]

50.7 [29.3 to 80.0]

< 0.001

25.2 [9.3 to 53.0]

 SOFA score on admission

6.4 ± 2.7

10.7 ± 3.9

< 0.001

6.7 ± 3.0

7.7 ± 3.0

9.9 ± 3.6

< 0.001

8.0 ± 3.1

 Maximum SOFA score

6.7 ± 2.9

12.8 ± 4.0

< 0.001

7.1 ± 3.4

8.5 ± 3.1

12.4 ± 3.9

< 0.001

9.0 ± 3.4

Mechanical ventilation

3102 (84.0)

263 (97)

< 0.001

3365 (84.8)

1238 (91.4)

190 (96.9)

0.011

1428 (92.1)

Renal replacement therapy

351 (9.9)

129 (47.6)

< 0.001

480 (12.1)

295 (21.8)

92 (46.9)

< 0.001

387 (25.0)

Corticosteroids during admission

2555 (69)

248 (91.5)

< 0.001

2803 (70.7)

1199 (88.6)

183 (93.4)

0.057

1382 (89.2)

Sodium, average > 145 mmol/L

160 (4.3)

34 (12.5)

< 0.001

194 (4.9)

113 (8.3)

30 (15.3)

0.003

143 (9.2)

Total parenteral feeding

90 (2.4)

21 (7.7)

0.19

111 (2.8)

70 (5.2)

21 (10.7)

0.968

91 (5.9)

Daily intake (kcal)

678 [339 to 1177]

1136 [658 to 1495]

< 0.001

705 [357 to 1214]

1300 [974 to 1619]

1368 [1111 to 1676]

0.056

1312 [985 to 1630]

Daily intake form enteral feeding (kcal)

315 [0 to 880]

830 [467 to 1278]

< 0.001

100 [0 to 717]

790 [49 to 1174]

864 [475 to 1171]

0.039

803 [60 to 1173]

 Admission day 1 (kcal)

0 [0 to 288]

279 [95 to 530]

< 0.001

0 [0 to 308]

171 [0 to 435]

296 [56 to 543]

0.001

185 [0 to 448]

 Admission day 2 (kcal)

314 [0 to 937]

818 [463 to 1199

< 0.001

387 [0 to 959]

872 [477 to 1199]

924 [596 to 1248]

0.320

881 [480 to 1199]

 Admission day 3 (kcal)

480 [0 to 1224]

1017 [510 to 1439]

< 0.001

588 [0 to 1247]

1199 [802 to 1508]

1199 [847 to 1507]

0.964

1199 [808 to 1506]

Length of ICU stay (h)

51 [38 to 115]

120 [54 to 244]

< 0.001

55.0 [38.0 to 119.0]

143 [99 to 261]

190 [121 to 330]

< 0.001

148 [102 to 269]

Mean BG (mmol/L)

8.3 ± 1.2

7.9 ± 1.3

< 0.001

8.3 ± 1.2

8.0 ± 1.0

8.0 ± 0.9

0.606

8.0 ± 1.0

MAG change (mmol/L/h)

0.36 [0.22 to 0.57]

0.43 [0.28 to 0.60]

0.001

0.4 [0.2 to 0.6]

0.3 [0.2 to 0.5]

0.4 [0.3 to 0.5]

0.007

0.4 [0.2 to 0.5]

Time in glycemic ranges

        

 BG percentage < 4.4 mmol/L

0.0 [0.0 to 0.0]

0.0 [0.0 to 3.0]

< 0.001

0.0 [0.0 to 0.0]

0.0 [0.0 to 0.6]

0.0 [0.0 to 2.2]

< 0.001

0.0 [0.0 to 1.0]

 BG percentage 4.4–5.9 mmol/L

5.4 [0.0 to 13.7]

9.5 [3.6 to 20.0]

< 0.001

5.7 [0.0 to 14.3]

8.7 [4.3 to 14.9]

8.8 [4.1 to 16.7]

0.878

8.7 [4.3 to 15.0]

 BG percentage 6.0–9.0 mmol/L

61.1 [45.5 to 75.0]

58.0 [42.9 to 70.0]

0.006

60.9 [45.5 to 75.0]

64.1 [51.5 to 75.0]

62.9 [50.0 to 70.6]

0.340

63.9 [51.3 to 74.5]

 BG percentage 9.1–11.1 mmol/L

20.8 [10.0 to 31.0]

17.4 [8.6 to 25.8]

< 0.001

20.3 [9.9 to 30.8]

18.9 [9.1 to 26.9]

18.8 [11.7 to 25.9]

0.939

18.8 [9.6 to 26.8]

 BG percentage > 11.1 mmol/L

3.0 [0 to 14.3]

4.2 [0 to 11.9]

0.22

3.1 [0.0 to 13.7]

3.7 [0.0 to 10.7]

4.8 [0.0 to 10.9]

0.221

3.9 [0.0 to 10.7]

Incidence BG < 2.2 mmol/Le

15 (0.4)

6 (2.2)

< 0.001

21 (0.5)

11 (0.8)

4 (2.0)

0.211

15 (1.0)

Incidence BG < 4.4 mmol/Le

535 (14.5)

120 (44.3)

< 0.001

655 (16.5)

371 (27.4)

88 (44.9)

< 0.001

459 (29.6)

Intravenous insulin (IU)

        

 Number of patients

2931 (79.3)

237 (87.5)

0.001

3168 (79.9)

1205 (89.0)

184 (93.9)

0.049

1389 (89.6)

 Total amount during admission

64 [15 to 187]

216 [60 to 530]

< 0.001

69.0 [17.0 to 205.0]

215 [80 to 483]

398 [171 to 834]

< 0.001

232 [85 to 514]

 Amount per day

18.7 [4.8 to 39.3]

34.4 [12 to 60.1]

< 0.001

19.5 [5.2 to 40.7]

27.3 [11.4 to 53.8]

39.9 [22.9 to 64.1]

< 0.001

29.0 [12.2 to 55.1]

 Amount per kg per dayf

0.24 [0.06 to 0.48]

0.43 [0.17 to 0.77]

< 0.001

0.3 [0.1 to 0.5]

0.3 [0.1 to 0.6]

0.5 [0.3 to 0.8]

< 0.001

0.4 [0.2 to 0.7]

Intravenous glucose (g)

        

 Number of patients

1674 (45.3)

233 (86.0)

< 0.001

1907 (48.1)

993 (73.3)

177 (90.3)

< 0.001

1170 (75.5)

 Total amount during admission

0.0 [0.0 to 7.8]

27.1 [5.1 to 96.7]

< 0.001

0.0 [0.0 to 10.4]

8.7 [0.0 to 33.9]

38.4 [11.7 to 103.5]

< 0.001

10.2 [0.5 to 40.6]

 Amount per day

0.0 [0.0 to 1.4]

3.2 [1.2 to 11.9]

< 0.001

0.0 [0.0 to 1.8]

1.1 [0.0 to 3.3]

3.5 [1.5 to 9.0]

< 0.001

1.3 [0.1 to 3.9]

Fluid balance (L)

2.2 [0.46 to 4.3]

9.3 [4.4 to 17.7]

< 0.001

2.4 [0.6 to 4.7]

2.1 [− 0.5 to 5.4]

8.6 [4.4 to 18.0]

< 0.001

2.7 [− 0.2 to 6.4]

  1. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation, median [interquartile range] or number (%). Percentages might not sum up to 100 due to rounding
  2. APACHE Acute Physiological and Chronic Health Evaluation, BG blood glucose, ICU intensive care unit, MAG mean absolute glucose, SOFA Sequential Organ Failure Assessment
  3. aP values are based on the Student’s t test or the Mann–Whitney U test for continuous data, and on the Chi-square test (with continuity correction), ANOVA or Kruskal–Wallis for categorical data, comparing ICU survivors with ICU non-survivors
  4. bBased on the use of any diabetes medication before admission
  5. cBased on the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) model
  6. dBG data are based on point-of-care measurements with the handheld Accu-Chek device
  7. eNumber of patients with at least one BG measurement < 2.2 mmol/L or < 4.4 mmol/L
  8. fWeight is based on the admission weight as measured by the bed weighting scale
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