Table 1 Patients’ clinical and laboratory characteristics between MAKE and Non-MAKE patients in the Development Cohort (n = 2856)

Age, years

65.8 ± 20.0

65.2 ± 16.7

0.460

0

BMI, kg/m²

23.50 ± 15.13

23.64 ± 5.89

0.767

4 (0.1)

Sex Male, n (%)

944 (54.0)

634 (57.3)

0.082

1 (0)

Co-morbidity diseases

 HT

784 (44.8)

494 (44.7)

0.969

2 (0.1)

 DM

524 (30.0)

281 (25.5)

0.009

11 (0.4)

 CAD

183 (10.5)

117 (10.6)

0.950

10 (0.4)

 Cerebrovascular disease

119 (6.8)

69 (6.3)

0.588

9 (0.3)

 Malignancy

143 (8.2)

82 (7.4)

0.477

10 (0.4)

 CKD

278 (15.9)

93 (8.4)

< 0.001

1 (0)

Chronic health points

0.148

1 (0)

 0

1326 (75.8)

818 (74.0)

2

41 (2.3)

39 (3.5)

 5

382 (21.8)

249 (22.5)

Glasgow Coma Scale

9.18 3.73

11.49 2.97

< 0.001

0

Temperature, degree Celsius

< 0.001

1 (0)

 ≤ 29.9

2 (0.1)

0

 32–33.9

17(1.0)

7 (0.6)

 34–35.9

176 (10.1)

70 (6.3)

 36–38.4

1222 (69.9)

875 (79.1)

 38.5–38.9

146 (8.3)

82 (7.4)

 39–40.9

175 (10.0)

71 (6.4)

 ≥ 41

11 (0.6)

1 (0.1)

Heart rate, beats per minute

< 0.001

1 (0)

 ≤ 39

9 (0.5)

9 (0.8)

 40–54

26 (1.5)

19 (1.7)

 55–69

81 (4.6)

92 (8.3)

 70–109

737 (42.1)

563(50.9)

 110–139

672 (38.4)

324 (29.3)

 140–179

216 (12.3)

98 (8.9)

 ≥ 180

8 (0.5)

1 (0.1)

Respiratory rate, breaths per minute

< 0.001

1 (0)

 ≤ 5

1 (0.1)

1 (0.1)

 6–9

1 (0.1)

3 (0.3)

 10–11

6 (0.3)

6 (0.5)

 12–24

890 (50.9)

760 (68.7)

 25–34

689 (39.4)

292 (26.4)

 35–49

161 (9.2)

44 (4.0)

 ≥ 50

1 (0.1)

0

Mean arterial pressure, mmHg

< 0.001

5 (0.2)

 ≥ 70

734 (42.0)

678 (61.4)

 < 70

81 (4.6)

78 (7.1)

 Dopamine ≤ 5 or any

60 (3.4)

39 (3.5)

 Dopamine > 5–15 or norepinephrine ≤ 0.1

150 (8.6)

97 (8.8)

 4, Dopamine > 15 or norepinephrine > 0.1

722 (41.3)

212 (19.2)

Hematocrit,  %

< 0.001

1 (0)

 < 20

124 (7.1)

34 (3.1)

 20–29.9

666 (38.1)

244 (22.1)

 30–45.9

882 (50.4)

748 (67.6)

 46–49.9

47 (2.7)

58 (5.2)

 50–59.9

24 (1.4)

20 (1.8)

 ≥ 60

6 (0.3)

2 (0.2)

Platelet count, per µL

< 0.001

3 (0.1)

 ≥ 150,000

1057 (60.5)

845 (76.5)

 < 150,000

265 (15.2)

136 (12.3)

 < 100,000

238 (13.6)

76 (6.9)

 < 50,000

124 (7.1)

36 (3.3)

 < 20,000

64 (3.7)

12 (1.1)

Serum sodium, mEq/L

< 0.001

1 (0)

 ≤ 110

2 (0.1)

1 (0.1)

 111–119

15 (0.9)

9 (0.8)

 120–129

184 (10.5)

75 (6.8)

 130–149

1469 (84.0)

998 (90.2)

 150–154

64 (3.7)

15 (1.4)

 155–159

10 (0.6)

5 (0.5)

 160–179

4 (0.2)

3 (0.3)

 ≥ 180

1 (0.1)

0

Serum potassium, mEq/L

< 0.001

1 (0)

 < 2.5

18 (1.0)

15 (1.4)

 2.5–2.9

81 (4.6)

39 (3.5)

 3–3.4

261 (14.9)

183 (16.5)

 3.5–5.4

1198 (68.5)

823 (74.4)

 5.6–5.9

87 (5.0)

28 (2.5)

 6–6.9

69 (3.9)

13 (1.2)

 ≥ 7

35 (2.0)

5 (0.5)

Blood urea nitrogen, mg/dL

39.8 (23.9, 65.0)

23 (15.0, 35.0)

< 0.001^a

1 (0)

Serum creatinine, mg/dL

< 0.001

1 (0)

 < 0.6

65 (3.7)

73 (6.6)

 0.6–1.4

489 (28.0)

587 (53.1)

 1.5–1.9

264 (15.1)

213 (19.3)

 2–3.4

453 (25.9)

165 (14.9)

 ≥ 3.5

478 (27.3)

68 (6.1)

Total bilirubin, mg/dL

< 0.001

8 (0.3)

 < 1.2

1266 (72.6)

911 (82.6)

 1.2–1.9

151 (8.7)

82 (7.4)

 2.0–5.9

211 (12.1)

87 (7.9)

 6.0–11.9

78 (4.5)

16 (1.5)

 ≥ 12

39 (2.2)

7 (0.6)

PaO₂/FiO₂

< 0.001

2 (0.1)

 > 400

368 (21.0)

296 (26.8)

 ≤ 400

332 (19.0)

250 (22.6)

 ≤ 300

494 (28.2)

316 (28.6)

 ≤ 200 with respiratory support

335 (19.2)

181 (16.4)

 ≤ 100 with respiratory support

220 (12.6)

62 (5.6)

Arterial pH

< 0.001

1 (0)

 7.15

154 (8.8)

15 (1.4)

 7.15–7.24

157 (9.0)

32 (2.9)

 7.25–7.32

205 (11.7)

83 (7.5)

 7.33–7.49

875 (50.0)

689 (62.3)

 7.5–7.59

106 (6.1)

86 (7.9)

 7.6–7.69

72 (4.1)

55 (5.0)

 ≥ 7.7

73 (4,2)

27 (2.4)

Urine output, liter

0.59 (0.19, 1.31)

0.86 (0.4, 1.56)

< 0.001^a

23 (0.8)

Net fluid balance, liter

1.31 (0.36, 2.63)

0.70 (0, 1.62)

< 0.001^a

22 (0.8)

Mechanical ventilation (day 1)

1541 (88.3)

772 (69.9)

< 0.001

5 (0.2)

Vasopressor (day 1)

939 (53.8)

350 (31.7)

< 0.001

6 (0.2)

APACHE II

21.85 ± 6.82

15.89 ± 6.53

< 0.001

0

SOFA day 1

9.40 ± 3.98

5.83 ± 3.50

< 0.001

6 (0.2)

LOS in ICU

5 (2, 10)

4 (2, 8)

0.243^a

18 (0.6)

LOS in hospital

11 (5, 24)

13 (7, 24)

0.002^a

7 (0.2)