Table 1 Demographic and infection characteristics of the 74 cases of zygomycosis
Demographic characteristics | Study population (n=74) | Survivors (n=21) | Non-survivors (n=53) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years, mean (SD)a | 50.6 (16.6) | 39.5 (17.5) | 55.0 (14.1) | 0.001 |
Sex-ratio (H/F) | 1.96 | 1.63 | 2.12 | 0.78 |
Underlying disease | ||||
 Hematological malignancies, n (%) | 41 (55.4) | 7 (33.3) | 34 (64.2) | 0.02 |
 Acute myeloid leukemia, n (%) | 15 (20.3) | 4 (19.0) | 11 (20.8) | 1 |
 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, n (%) | 10 (13.5) | 2 (9.5) | 8 (15.1) | 0.71 |
 Lymphoma, n (%) | 8 (10.8) | 0 (0) | 8 (15.1) | 0.10 |
 Multiple myeloma, n (%) | 2 (2.7) | 0 (0) | 2 (3.8) | 1 |
 Myelodysplastic syndrome, n (%) | 2 (2.7) | 0 (0) | 2 (3.8) | 1 |
 Other, n (%) | 4 (5.4) | 1 (4.8) | 3 (5.7) | 0.84 |
 Allogenic HSCT, n (%) | 16 (21.6) | 1 (4.8) | 15 (28.3) | 0.03 |
 Autologous HSCT, n (%) | 7 (9.5) | 1 (4.8) | 6 (11.3) | 0.67 |
 Solid malignancies, n (%) | 4 (5.4) | 2 (9.5) | 2 (3.8) | 0.32 |
 SOT, n (%) | 9 (12.2) | 2 (9.5) | 7 (13.2) | 1 |
 Inflammatory disease, n (%) | 2 (2.7) | 1 (4.8) | 1 (1.9) | 0.49 |
 Systemic steroids, n (%) | 30 (40.5) | 2 (9.5) | 28 (52.8) | < 0.001 |
 Diabetes, n (%) | 11 (14.9) | 0 (0) | 11 (20.8) | 0.03 |
Other condition, n (%) | ||||
 Chronic alcoholism, n (%) | 8 (10.8) | 2 (9.5) | 6 (11.3) | 1 |
 Malnutrition, n (%) | 24 (32.4) | 3 (14.3) | 21 (39.6) | 0.05 |
 Drug addiction, n (%) | 1 (1.4) | 1 (4.8) | 0 (0) | 0.28 |
 Chronic renal failure, n (%) | 7 (9.5) | 0 (0) | 7 (13.2) | 0.18 |
 Respiratory disease, n (%) | 15 (20.3) | 5 (23.8) | 10 (18.9) | 0.75 |
 Cirrhosis, n (%) | 1 (1.4) | 1 (4.8) | 0 (0) | 0.28 |
 Trauma, n (%) | 7 (9.5) | 5 (23.8) | 2 (3.8) | 0.017 |
 Burn, n (%) | 3 (4.1) | 1 (4.8) | 2 (3.8) | 1 |
 Previous antifungal therapy, n (%) | 30 (40.5) | 5 (23.8) | 25 (47.2) | 0.07 |
Number of predisposing factors | 0.003 | |||
 0, n (%) | 13 (17.6) | 8 (38.1) | 5 (9.4) | |
 1, n (%) | 21 (28.4) | 9 (42.9) | 12 (22.6) | |
 ≥ 2, n (%) | 31 (41.9) | 4 (19.0) | 27 (50.9) | |
Site of infection | ||||
 Lungs, n (%) | 29 (39.2) | 8 (38.1) | 21 (39.6) | 1 |
 Skin, n (%) | 15 (20.3) | 7 (33.3) | 8 (15.1) | 0.11 |
 Sinus and ENT infection, n (%) | 1 (1.35) | 1 (4.8) | 0 (0) | 0.28 |
 Abdomen, n (%) | 1 (1.35) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.9) | 1 |
 Bones, n (%) | 1 (1.35) | 1 (4.8) | 0 (0) | 0.28 |
 Infection of contiguous sites, n (%) | 13 (17.6) | 4 (19.0) | 9 (17.0) | 1 |
 Disseminated infection, n (%) | 14 (18.9) | 0 (0) | 14 (26.4) | 0.007 |
Isolated fungi | 0.04 | |||
 Rhizopus genus, n (%) | 22 (29.7) | 2 (9.5) | 19 (35.8) | |
 R. oryzae, n (%) | 5 (6.8) |  |  | |
 R. arrhizus, n (%) | 2 (2.7) |  |  | |
 R. microspores, n (%) | 1 (1.4) |  |  | |
 Rhizopus sp., n (%) | 14 (18.9) |  |  | |
 Mucor genus, n (%) | 10 (13.5) | 5 (23.8) | 5 (9.4) | |
 M. circinelloides, n (%) | 3 (4.1) |  |  | |
 Mucor sp., n (%) | 7 (9.6) |  |  | |
 Rhizomucor genus, n (%) | 14 (18.9) | 2 (9.5) | 12 (22.6) | |
 R. pusillus, n (%) | 3 (4.1) |  |  | |
 R. miehei, n (%) | 1 (1.4) |  |  | |
 Rhizomucor sp., n (%) | 10 (13.5) |  |  | |
 Lichtheimia genus, n (%) | 19 (25.7) | 8 (38.1) | 11 (20.8) | |
 L. corymbifera, n (%) | 14 (18.9) |  |  | |
 Lichtheimia sp., n (%) | 5 (6.8) |  |  | |
 Cunninghamella genus, n (%) | 1 (1.4) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.9) | |
 C. bertholletiae, n (%) | 1 (1.4) |  |  | |
 Unclassified mucorales, n (%) | 9 (12.2) | 4 (19.0) | 5 (9.4) | |
Severity of infection | ||||
 SAPS2, mean (SD) a | 52 (22) | 36 (18) | 59 (19) | < 0.001 |
 SOFA, mean (SD) a | 9 (4) | 6 (3) | 10 (4) | < 0.001 |
 Respiratory | 2.0 (1.2) | 1.3 (1.3) | 2.2 (1.1) | 0.02 |
 Cardiovascular | 1.7 (1.8) | 1.0 (1.4) | 2.0 (1.8) | 0.01 |
 Renal | 1.1 (1.2) | 0.7 (1.0) | 1.3 (1.3) | 0.04 |
 Hematological | 2.0 (1.4) | 1.0 (1.2) | 2.4 (1.3) | < 0.001 |
 Neurological | 1.2 (1.5) | 0.9 (1.4) | 1.3 (1.5) | 0.35 |
 Liver | 0.8 (0.9) | 0.6 (0.9) | 0.9 (0.9) | 0.24 |