Table 3 Outcome for proximal and distal approach groups using intention-to-treat (ITT) data sets
Success rates (ITT analysis) | Proximal group (n = 99) | Distal group (n = 99) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
Primary outcome | |||
 First puncture success rate, n (%) | 75 (75.8) | 51 (51.5) | < 0.001 |
Secondary outcomes | |||
 Approach success rate, n (%) | 93 (93.9) | 83 (83.8) | 0.04 |
 Overall success rate, n (%) | 98 (99.0) | 98 (99.0) | 1.00 |
 Average number of attempts | 1.3 ± 0.7 | 1.7 ± 0.9 | 0.002 |
 Access time (s) | 20 (15, 28) | 30 (19, 42) | < 0.001 |
 Time to successful cannulation (s) | 123 (112, 136) | 142 (133, 156) | < 0.001 |
Total complications, n (%) | 9 (9.1) | 11 (11.1) | 0.81 |
 Major bleeding | 0 | 0 | – |
 Minor bleeding | 2 (2.0) | 5 (5.1) | 0.45 |
 Artery puncture | 1 (1.0) | 2 (2.0) | 1.00 |
 Pneumothorax | 2 (2.0) | 0 | 0.50 |
 Nerve injuries | 0 | 0 | – |
 Catheter misplacements | 5 (5.1) | 7 (7.1) | 0.77 |