Table 1 Comparison between three different types of filters used in AKI/CRRT with sepsis

Membrane material

PS-based composite woven fiber with immobilized polymyxin B

PSDVB copolymer beads, which are highly porous and covered with PVP

Copolymer of AN69-coated with PEI and unfractionated heparin

Structure

Woven fibers

Microporous beads

Hollow fiber, symmetric

Sterilization mode

Steam

Gamma irradiation

EtO

Adsorptive capacity

Endotoxins

Cytokines

Endotoxin and cytokines

Performance of CRRT

No

No

Yes

Heparin-grafted inner surface

No

No

Yes

Grafted (immobilized) heparin, which imparts an anti-thrombogenic characteristic

Mode of adsorption

Ionic and hydrophobic interactions

Hydrophobic interactions

• Adsorbing cytokines through ionic interactions due to its content of sulfonate groups

• Adsorbing endotoxins through ionic interactions due to its high concentration of PEI on the inner aspect of the membrane