Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study population
Type of infection | Community-acquired (n = 7) | Early hospital-acquired (n = 14) | Late hospital-acquired (n = 15) | No infection (n = 64) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 58 [53–69] | 58 [52–67] | 64 [56–70] | 58 [53–65] | 0.589 |
Male | 5 (71) | 9 (64) | 10 (67) | 49 (77) | 0.737 |
Comorbidities | |||||
BMI (kg/m2) | 31 [27–33] | 28 [26–31] | 29 [25–32] | 27 [24–30] | 0.550 |
Cardiac disease | 3 (43) | 3 (21) | 2 (13) | 10 (16) | 0.320 |
COPD | 0 (0) | 1 (7) | 0 (0) | 1 (2) | 0.494 |
Diabetes | 3 (43) | 6 (43) | 3 (20) | 15 (23) | 0.325 |
Chronic kidney disease | 1 (14) | 2 (14) | 2 (13) | 9 (14) | 1.000 |
Hypertension | 5 (71) | 7 (50) | 9 (60) | 29 (45) | 0.485 |
Solid tumor | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 9 (14) | 0.135 |
Hematological malignancy | 3 (43) | 2 (14) | 2 (13) | 8 (13) | 0.202 |
SOT | 1 (14) | 2 (14) | 1 (7) | 6 (9) | 0.887 |
Any ARBs | 3 (50) | 2 (14) | 7 (47) | 15 (23) | 0.030 |
Delay since onset (days) | 14 [11–17] | 8 [5–10] | 9 [6–12] | 8 [5–11] | 0.077 |
Exposure before admission | |||||
NSAIDs | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (2) | 0.904 |
Corticosteroids | 1 (14) | 2 (14) | 4 (27) | 12 (19) | 0.831 |
Antibiotics | 2 (29) | 7 (50) | 6 (40) | 30 (47) | 0.766 |
ICU admission | |||||
SAPSII | 40 [28–42] | 33 [24–47] | 34 [24–50] | 23 [18–33] | 0.050 |
O2 (L/min) | 4 [2–11] | 11 [3–14] | 9 [6–15] | 8 [6–12] | 0.479 |
Focal opacity at chest X-ray | 1 (14) | 0 (0) | 2 (13) | 2 (3) | 0.197 |
PaO2/FiO2 | 147 [114–275] | 113 [100–159] | 156 [121–270] | 157 [115–234] | 0.166 |
Leukocytes (G/L) | 7.3 [4.9–9.3] | 6.9 [6.1–9.6] | 8.3 [5.0–10.3] | 7.1 [5.2–9.1] | 0.614 |
Lymphocytes (G/L) | 0.64 [0.46–0.93] | 0.83 [0.77–1.48] | 0.60 [0.38–0.98] | 0.78 [0.55–1.14] | 0.212 |
Lactate (mmol/L) | 0.90 [0.80–1.60] | 1.2 [1.0–1.4] | 1.2 [1.1–1.6] | 1.2 [0.9–1.5] | 0.745 |
CPK (UI/L) | 410 [155–579] | 126 [119–328] | 114.00 [63–346] | 182 [80–372] | 0.788 |
Creatinine (µmol/L) | 65 [61–75] | 89 [60–144] | 70 [59–125] | 80 [66–120] | 0.591 |
IL-6 (ng/mL) | 95 [70–121] | 87 [47–291] | 121 [83–186] | 81 [40–111] | 0.264 |
Gammaglobulin (g/L) | 3 [3–11] | 8 [8–12] | 8 [7–11] | 10 [8–12] | 0.236 |
β-d-Glucan (pg/mL) | 0 [0–0] | 0 [0–0] | 0 [0–177] | 0 [0–0] | 0.073 |
Therapeutics | |||||
Dexamethasone | 3 (50) | 9 (64) | 8 (53) | 13 (20) | 0.002 |
Eculizumab | 1 (14) | 0 (0) | 3 (20.0) | 6 (9) | 0.335 |
Tocilizumab | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 5 (8) | 0.398 |
Mechanical ventilation | 6 (86) | 14 (100) | 15 (100) | 19 (30) | < 0.001 |
Vasopressors | 4 (67) | 13 (93) | 14 (93) | 17 (27) | < 0.001 |
Renal replacement therapy | 1 (17) | 3 (21) | 6 (40) | 2 (3) | 0.001 |
VAP (/1000 h of MV) | – | 6.9[1.5–13.0] | 4.4[2.8–6.7] | – | < 0.001 |
ICU Stay (days) | 12[9–13] | 17[13–25] | 20[13–31] | 4[2–6] | < 0.001 |
ICU mortality | 4 (57) | 8 (57) | 6 (40) | 10 (16) | 0.002 |