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Annals of Intensive Care

Table 2 Treatments of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 under invasive mechanical ventilation therapy

From: Association between mortality and age among mechanically ventilated COVID-19 patients: a Japanese nationwide COVID-19 database study

Variables

Survivor

(n = 1128)

Non-survivor

(n = 401)

Standardized difference, %

Drug administration for COVID-19

1008/1122 (89.8)

353/396 (89.1)

2.28

 Favipiravir

545/993 (54.9)

200/349 (57.3)

− 4.84

 Remdesivir

437/987 (44.3)

127/347 (36.6)

15.74

 Ciclesonide

231/991 (23.3)

73/347 (21.0)

5.54

 Nafamostat

156/964 (16.2)

66/337 (19.6)

− 8.88

 Tocilizumab

123/964 (12.8)

37/337 (11.0)

5.56

 Hydroxychloroquine

56/991 (5.7)

26/348 (7.5)

− 7.25

 Lopinavir and ritonavir

50/991 (5.0)

23/347 (6.6)

− 6.85

 Ivermectin

7/977 (0.7)

2/344 (0.6)

1.24

 Interferon

3/1007 (0.3)

2/355 (0.6)

− 4.48

 Baricitinib

0/978 (0)

1/344 (0.3)

− 7.76

Antibiotics

832/1103 (75.4)

336/393 (85.5)

− 25.68

Antifungal agent

60/1105 (5.4)

60/390 (15.4)

− 33.21

Neuraminidase inhibitor

12/1099 (1.1)

10/389 (2.6)

− 11.15

Steroid (excluding ciclesonide)

767/1102 (69.6)

286/396 (72.2)

− 5.73

Drug administration for coagulopathy

695/1066 (65.2)

252/376 (67.0)

− 3.80

 Anticoagulant agents

655/1126 (58.2)

239/401 (59.6)

− 2.85

 Antiplatelet agents

109/1066 (10.2)

47/376 (12.6)

− 7.56

 Thrombolytic agents

12/1068 (1.1)

5/376 (1.3)

− 1.84

Plasmapheresis

8/1124 (0.7)

6/399 (1.5)

− 7.68

Immunoglobulin

57/1124 (5.1)

43/397 (10.8)

− 21.19

Vasopressor/inotropic support

430/1116 (38.5)

259/395 (65.6)

− 56.36

Renal replacement therapy

93/1117 (8.3)

120/399 (30.1)

− 57.60

Prone positioning

344/1109 (31.0)

142/397 (35.8)

− 10.19

High-flow oxygen device use

222/1120 (19.8)

88/398 (22.1)

− 5.65

Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation

147/1124 (13.1)

42/398 (10.6)

7.74

Duration of symptom onset to IMV, days

8.8 (13.3)

8.7 (6.2)

0.96

Duration of IMV, days

10.6 (13.3)

17.4 (24.1)

− 34.9

Re-intubation

43/1094 (3.9)

26/396 (6.6)

− 12.13

Nitric oxide inhalation

17/1118 (1.5)

12/399 (3.0)

− 10.13

Neuromuscular blocking agent

561/1067 (52.6)

184/374 (49.2)

6.81

Tracheotomy

172/1119 (15.4)

84/399 (21.1)

− 14.80

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

106/1127 (9.4)

45/401 (11.2)

− 5.92

  1. Analysis based on records from the COVID-19 Registry Japan. Data given as number of positive observations/total number of observations (percentage) or as mean (standard deviation). For each variable, the number of missing observations can be obtained as the difference between the total number of patients in each phase and the total number of observations
  2. IMV invasive mechanical ventilation, SD standardized difference
  3. For continuous variables, the standardized difference (d) is defined as follows:
  4. d = (\(\overline{\chi }\) survivor – \(\overline{\chi }\) non-survivor)/\(\sqrt{{(s}^{2}\mathrm{ survivor }+{s}^{2 }\mathrm{non}-\mathrm{survivor})/2}\)
  5. For dichotomous variables, the standardized difference is defined as follows:
  6. d = (\(\widehat{p}\) survivor –\(\widehat{p}\) non-survivor)/\(\sqrt{\left\{\widehat{p} \mathrm{survivor }\left(1-\widehat{p} \mathrm{non}-\mathrm{survivor} \right)+\widehat{p} \mathrm{survivor }\left(1-\widehat{p} \mathrm{non}-\mathrm{survivor}\right)\right\}/2}\)
  7. \(\overline{\chi }\): mean, s: standard deviation, \(\widehat{p}\): proportion
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