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Annals of Intensive Care

Table 3 Outcomes of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 under invasive mechanical ventilation therapy

From: Association between mortality and age among mechanically ventilated COVID-19 patients: a Japanese nationwide COVID-19 database study

Variables

Survivor

(n = 1128)

Non-survivor

(n = 401)

Standardized difference, %

Complications

 Viral pneumonia (excluding COVID-19)

39/1057 (3.5)

24/358 (6.7)

− 14.58

 Bacterial pneumonia

290/1051 (27.6)

180/360 (50.0)

− 47.23

 Acute respiratory distress syndrome

 None

460/1039 (44.3)

88/343 (25.7)

39.76

 Mild

85/1039 (8.2)

6/343 (1.7)

30.31

 Moderate

282/1039 (27.1)

32/343 (9.3)

47.41

 Severe

212/1039 (20.4)

217/343 (63.3)

− 96.57

 Pleural effusion

144/1082 (13.3)

98/371 (26.4)

− 33.29

 Bacteremia

79/1093 (7.2)

71/371 (19.1)

− 35.77

 Deep vein thrombosis

61/995 (6.1)

19/326 (5.8)

1.27

 Pneumothorax

33/1093 (3.0)

51/380 (13.4)

− 38.61

 Hemoptysis

31/1050 (3.0)

34/361 (9.4)

− 26.78

 Ventricular defibrillation, ventricular tachycardia

28/1097 (2.6)

30/376 (8.0)

− 24.28

 Gastrointestinal bleeding

23/1094 (2.1)

46/379 (12.1)

− 39.70

 Seizures

21/1101 (1.9)

5/381 (1.3)

4.78

 Cerebral infarction, cerebral hemorrhage

20/1104 (1.8)

21/372 (5.6)

− 20.23

 Pulmonary embolism

20/1022 (2.0)

14/335 (4.2)

− 12.72

 Ischemic heart disease

18/1098 (1.6)

8/374 (2.1)

− 3.71

 Myocarditis, pericarditis, cardiomyopathy

10/1100 (0.9)

4/373 (1.1)

− 2.01

 Meningitis, encephalitis

7/1075 (0.7)

2/363 (0.6)

1.24

 Endocarditis

4/1065 (0.4)

1/359 (0.3)

1.69

Tracheotomy at discharge

116/1128 (10.3)

  

Oxygen therapy at discharge

563/1128 (49.9)

  
  1. Analysis based on records from the COVID-19 Registry Japan. Data given as number of positive observations/total number of observations (percentage). For each variable, the number of missing observations can be obtained as the difference between the total number of patients in each phase and the total number of observations
  2. For continuous variables, the standardized difference (d) is defined as follows:
  3. d = (\(\overline{\chi }\) survivor – \(\overline{\chi }\) non-survivor)/\(\sqrt{{(s}^{2}\mathrm{ survivor }+{s}^{2 }\mathrm{non}-\mathrm{survivor})/2}\)
  4. For dichotomous variables, the standardized difference is defined as follows:
  5. d = (\(\widehat{p}\) survivor –\(\widehat{p}\) non-survivor)/\(\sqrt{\left\{\widehat{p} \mathrm{survivor }\left(1-\widehat{p} \mathrm{non}-\mathrm{survivor} \right)+\widehat{p} \mathrm{survivor }\left(1-\widehat{p} \mathrm{non}-\mathrm{survivor}\right)\right\}/2}\)
  6. \(\overline{\chi }\): mean, s: standard deviation, \(\widehat{p}\): proportion
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