Table 1 General characteristics per drug associated with hyperammonaemia
From: Drug-associated hyperammonaemia: a Bayesian analysis of the WHO Pharmacovigilance Database
Drug | Cases | IC025 | Age distribution | Median time to onset (days) | Female (%) | Death (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Valproic acid | 1722 | 7.0 | 41.1 (0–93) | 9 | 46.4 | 3.2 |
Fluorouracil | 301 | 4.4 | 64.3 (7–86) | 2 | 33.3 | 4.3 |
Topiramate | 154 | 4.7 | 32.2 (2–90) | 16 | 51.1 | 0.0 |
Oxaliplatin | 133 | 3.0 | 62.6 (7–85) | 2 | 34.6 | 6.0 |
Asparaginase | 87 | 5.2 | 20.7 (2–70) | 8 | 35.8 | 6.9 |
Tacrolimus | 60 | 2.2 | 52.1 (10–72) | 122 | 53.8 | 56.7 |
Bevacizumab | 58 | 2.0 | 62.3 (9–81) | 10 | 27.3 | 5.2 |
Irinotecan | 56 | 2.8 | 60.0 (8–79) | 13 | 35.2 | 3.6 |
Levetiracetam | 56 | 2.6 | 40.7 (2–83) | 13 | 57.7 | 8.9 |
Paracetamol | 52 | 0.7 | 32.5 (2–85) | 12 | 62.7 | 17.3 |
Methotrexate | 50 | 0.7 | 26.4 (2–80) | 21 | 45.8 | 42.0 |
Mycophenolic acid | 50 | 2.2 | 52.0 (15–72) | 367 | 55.8 | 44.0 |
Phenobarbital | 48 | 4.0 | 39.7 (4–78) | 14 | 51.2 | 4.2 |
Olanzapine | 45 | 1.7 | 46.5 (1–88) | 17 | 46.2 | 0.0 |
Carbamazepine | 43 | 1.6 | 37.8 (3–71) | 73 | 48.8 | 0.0 |
Risperidone | 39 | 0.7 | 33.6 (11–81) | 17 | 42.9 | 2.6 |
Vincristine | 39 | 2.1 | 20.1 (2–69) | 15 | 52.8 | 38.5 |
Dexamethasone | 38 | 1.2 | 33.8 (2–81) | 2 | 54.3 | 44.7 |
Phenytoin | 38 | 1.6 | 44.4 (4–81) | 13 | 38.9 | 5.3 |
Cytarabine | 36 | 2.2 | 24.8 (2–70) | 24 | 58.8 | 61.1 |
Basiliximab | 35 | 4.7 | 52.8 (6–72) | NA | 56.7 | 60.0 |
Folinic acid | 35 | 2.7 | 55.4 (7–84) | 2 | 35.5 | 2.9 |
Deferasirox | 34 | 2.6 | 14.1 (2–65) | 9 | 61.8 | 5.9 |
Pegaspargase | 33 | 4.0 | 18.9 (2–57) | 14 | 48.3 | 45.5 |
Capecitabine | 30 | 1.1 | 64.3 (24–85) | 70 | 59.3 | 6.7 |
Cyclophosphamide | 30 | 0.3 | 24.6 (2–69) | 28 | 53.6 | 43.3 |
Quetiapine | 28 | 0.6 | 42.7 (13–77) | 36 | 40.7 | 0.0 |
Prednisone | 27 | 0.8 | 40.1 (15–66) | 13 | 52.0 | 37.0 |
Ribavirin | 27 | 0.3 | 48.5 (5–76) | 43 | 29.6 | 3.7 |
Valpromide | 27 | 4.6 | 45.1 (20–68) | 7 | 51.9 | 0.0 |
Methylprednisolone | 26 | 1.3 | 49.1 (16–63) | 1 | 68.4 | 42.3 |
Lamotrigine | 24 | 0.7 | 44.3 (5–79) | 49 | 66.7 | 12.5 |
Etoposide | 23 | 1.1 | 29.2 (2–69) | 5 | 63.6 | 52.2 |
Oxcarbazepine | 20 | 2.2 | 30.9 (4–75) | 5 | 42.1 | 0.0 |
Gemcitabine | 19 | 0.3 | 49.7 (31–76) | 8 | 23.5 | 0.0 |
Lacosamide | 19 | 2.4 | 22.9 (4–65) | 3 | 50.0 | 15.8 |
Sorafenib | 18 | 1.2 | 55.0 (22–70) | 20 | 29.4 | 11.1 |
Ciclosporin | 16 | 0.1 | 27.1 (6–67) | NA | 40.0 | 56.3 |
Clobazam | 15 | 2.4 | 32.3 (8–82) | 25 | 42.9 | 6.7 |
Clonazepam | 15 | 0.7 | 37.8 (5–82) | 19 | 64.3 | 6.7 |
Lithium | 15 | 0.9 | 47.5 (11–71) | 15 | 35.7 | 6.7 |
Lorazepam | 15 | 0.8 | 46.9 (17–79) | 8 | 46.2 | 6.7 |
Mitoxantrone | 15 | 2.7 | 29.0 (2–69) | 13 | 53.3 | 40.0 |
Citalopram | 14 | 0.4 | 46.6 (18–83) | 4 | 61.5 | 0.0 |
Daunorubicin | 14 | 2.2 | 13.6 (3–22) | 21 | 69.2 | 42.9 |
Haloperidol | 14 | 0.5 | 37.4 (11–76) | 16 | 58.3 | 0.0 |
Sofosbuvir | 13 | 1.0 | 57.0 (42–76) | 46 | 23.1 | 7.7 |
Sunitinib | 13 | 0.3 | 63.1 (51–78) | 14 | 58.3 | 15.4 |
Zonisamide | 12 | 2.5 | 21.3 (5–58) | 220 | 50.0 | 8.3 |
Propofol | 11 | 0.4 | 47.8 (7–93) | 1 | 20.0 | 9.1 |
Regorafenib | 11 | 1.3 | 59.8 (39–73) | 7 | 0.0 | 18.2 |
Hydrocortisone | 10 | 1.0 | 24.4 (13–66) | 9 | 55.6 | 70.0 |
Lenvatinib | 10 | 1.8 | 67.1 (54–85) | 18 | 20.0 | 0.0 |
Tolvaptan | 10 | 1.6 | 77.8 (60–89) | 8 | 20.0 | 30.0 |
Amphotericin b | 9 | 0.4 | 30.3 (2–82) | 15 | 87.5 | 22.2 |
Melphalan | 9 | 1.1 | 22.4 (2–62) | NA | 11.1 | 22.2 |
Eltrombopag | 8 | 0.6 | 32.7 (2–84) | 61 | 62.5 | 25.0 |
Ondansetron | 8 | 0.1 | 19.1 (2–56) | 4 | 12.5 | 12.5 |
Stiripentol | 8 | 2.7 | 8.8 (3–19) | 234 | 75.0 | 0.0 |
Crisantaspase | 7 | 2.5 | 24.8 (3–77) | 2 | 28.6 | 0.0 |
Ramucirumab | 7 | 1.2 | 63.9 (27–80) | 35 | 50.0 | 0.0 |
Acetazolamide | 6 | 1.0 | 65.8 (48–73) | 141 | 33.3 | 0.0 |
Antithymocyte immunoglobulin | 6 | 0.4 | 24.4 (21–45) | NA | 55.6 | 33.3 |
Cannabidiol | 6 | 1.2 | 7.3 (5–10) | 32 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Oxazepam | 6 | 0.6 | 54.8 (41–83) | 12 | 33.3 | 0.0 |
Dactinomycin | 4 | 0.7 | 9.0 (2–23) | 38 | 50.0 | 25.0 |
Rovalpituzumab tesirine | 4 | 1.4 | 49.7 (32–32) | NA | 23.5 | 0.0 |
Trihexyphenidyl | 4 | 0.3 | 64.3 (48–80) | 40 | 50.0 | 0.0 |
Ethosuximide | 3 | 0.3 | 10.0 (9–11) | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Gemtuzumab | 3 | 0.1 | 14.5 (13–16) | 23 | 100.0 | 33.3 |
Glycine | 3 | 0.7 | 54.0 (32–88) | 0 | 66.7 | 0.0 |