Table 2 Outcomes and variables used for adjustment
From: Sex and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survival: a systematic review
Study | Period | Number of patients included in the adjusted analysis | Survival (raw) | Survival timepoint | OR (univariate) as provided by authors | Adjusted survival to hospital discharge as provided by authors | Variables adjusted for | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | Male | Female | Reference | OR | Reference | OR | ||||
Ahn [25] | 2008 | 8764 | 5158 | 274 | 94 | Hospital discharge | None | None | Female, to discharge | 0.82 (0.63–1.05) | Age, location of arrest, witnessed status, presenting rhythm, response time, transport time |
Akahane [50] | 2005–2007 | 171,970 | 104,620 | 2,587 | 1,175 | 30 days | Female, 30 days | 1.24 (1.2–1.28) | Female, 30-day survival | 1.06 (1.02–1.1) | Age, cause of arrest (cardiac/non cardiac), witnessed status, bystander CPR, defibrillation by EMS, AED by layperson, airway device, epinephrine |
Al-Dury [51] | 2011–2019 | 0 | 0 | – | – | 30 days | None | None | – | – | – |
Allan [42] POSTER | 2009–2012 | 340 | 110 | 76 | 37 | Hospital discharge | None | None | Female, to discharge | 2.92 (1.44–5.91) | Age, presenting rhythm, witnessed status, bystander CPR, public location, smoking/non-smoking, hypertension, diabetes |
Arabi [43] POSTER | 1991–2010 | 0 | 0 | – | – | Hospital discharge | None | None | – | – | – |
Arrich [48] | 1991–2004 | 569 | 205 | 258 | 81 | Hospital discharge | None | None | Female, to discharge | 0.91 (0.60–1.38) | Age, BLS, no-flow time (minutes), low-flow time (minutes), ventricular fibrillation, tachycardia, history of myocardial infarction, history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, history of diabetes, history of hypertension, history of cerebral vascular disease, NYHA class (continuous), history of chronic heart failure, smoking, use of therapeutic hypothermia |
Auricchio [57] | 2002–2018 | 0 | 0 | – | – | Hospital discharge | None | None | Male, to discharge | 1.13 (0.8–1.5) | Age, presenting rhythm, year-groups of OHCA’s occurrence, OHCA location, EMS arrival time, witnessed status and CPR-initiated by laypeople |
Blom [58] | 2006–2012 | 0 | 0 | – | – | Hospital discharge | Female, discharge | 0.57 (0.48–0.67) | – | – | – |
Bougouin [47] | 2000–2013 | 1297 | 520 | 442 | 150 | Hospital discharge | None | None | Male, to discharge | 0.77 (0.57–1.06) | Age, per year, occurrence at home, shockable rhythm, time from collapse to BLS > 4 min, time from BLS to ROSC > 15 min, epinephrine use, early invasive strategy, post-OHCA shock |
Bray [59] | 2003–2010 | 7345 | 3108 | 808 | 218 | Hospital discharge | None | None | Female, to discharge | 1.11 (0.92–1.33) | Age, witnessed status, bystander CPR, year of arrest, rural location, public location, EMS response time and interaction term if significant, shockable rhythm |
Castro [44] POSTER | 2012–2016 | 533,985 | 410,175 | 218,934 | 151,765 | Hospital discharge | None | None | Female, to discharge | 0.88 (0.86–0.90) | Acute kidney injury, ST–segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), and cardiogenic shock |
Cline [60] | 1997–1999 | 250 | 138 | 18 | 3 | Hospital discharge | None | None | Female, to discharge | 0.29 (0.08–0.99) | Age |
Dicker [61] | 2013–2015 | 2,678 | 1184 | 432 | 148 | 30 days | Male 30-day survival | 0.74 (0.61 to 0.91) | Female, 30-day survival | 1.22 (0.96–1.55) | Age, location, etiology, initial rhythm, witnessed status |
Goto [52] | 2013–2016 | 217,173 | 169,362 | 12,373 | 5,561 | 30 days | None | None | Male, 30-day survival | 1.07 (1.03–1.11) | Age, year, place, witnessed status, presenting rhythm, presumed cause, bystander CPR, airway management, epinephrine, call-to-response time\hospital arrival |
Herlitz [62] | 1990–2000 | 17,149 | 6648 | 514 | 199 | 30 days | None | None | Female, 30-day survival | 1.27 (1.03–1.56) | Age, witnessed status, bystander CPR, place of arrest, initial rhythm and etiology |
Hubert [20] | 2011–2017 | 43,655 | 22,740 | 2,575 | 978 | 30 days | Female, 30-day survival | 1.29(1.39–1.5) | Female, 30-day survival | 0.801(0.697–0.921) | Age, cardiac arrest type, location, bystander presence, bystander type, cardiovascular history, respiratory history, diabetes history, end of life, rhythm |
Jeong [53] | 2013–2016 | 13,716 | 6959 | 3,795 | 1,163 | Hospital discharge | Female, discharge | 0.52 (0.49–0.56) | Female, to discharge | 0.87 (0.71–1.08) | Patient-community, EMS factors, comorbidities, metropolitan, place of arrest, witness, bystander CPR, EMS defibrillation, EMS response time, presenting rhythm on scene, time from EMS call to ROSC, hypothermia, level of ED, PCI |
Johnson [63] | 2005–2009 | 11,745 | 7653 | 1,159 | 588 | Hospital discharge | None | None | Female, to discharge | 1.23 (1.09–1.38) | Age, race/ethnicity, public arrest witnessed by bystander vs. by EMS bystander CPR, public AED used shockable rhythm |
Kim [64] | 1990–1998 | 7069 | 3810 | 1,056 | 403 | Hospital discharge | None | None | Female, to discharge | 1.09 (0.93–1.27) | Age, ventricular fibrillation, witnessed status, bystander CPR, categorized location of arrest, response time by first responder, and response time by paramedic |
Mahapatra [65] | 1990–2000 | 0 | 0 | – | – | Hospital discharge | None | None | – | – | – |
Nagraj [45] POSTER | 2019–2021 | 0 | 0 | – | – | Hospital discharge | None | None | Not provided* | 0.84(0.30–2.35) | Unclear |
Ng [21] | 2009–2012 | 24,267 | 15,892 | 1,936 | 631 | Hospital discharge | Female, to discharge | 0.48 (0.43–0.52) | Female, to discharge | 0.94 (0.77–1.15) | Age, gender, location type, medical history, witnessed status, bystander CPR, presenting rhythm, prehospital defibrillation, prehospital airway, prehospital drug administration, response time |
Pell [54] | 1988–1997 | 15,437 | 6724 | 1,113 | 422 | Hospital discharge | None | None | Female, to discharge | 0.96 (0.8–1.14) | Age, gender, defibrillation, arrest location, witness, time to CPR |
Perman [55] | 2010–2011 | 3675 | 2887 | 1,513 | 1048 | Hospital discharge | None | None | Female, to discharge | 0.86 (0.77–0.96) | Age, race, and chronic medical conditions |
Rob [49] | 2012–2020 | 693 | 239 | 369 | 105 | 30 days | None | None | Female, 30-day survival | 0.98(0.65–1.50) | Age, witnessed status, bystander CPR, presenting rhythm, time of resuscitation, sustained ROSC status on admission, location of arrest, cause of arrest |
Safdar [17] | 1994–2002 | 7748 | 3731 | 248 | 63 | Hospital discharge | Unclear | Unclear | Female, to discharge | 0.88 (0.81–0.96) | Age, witnessed status, presenting rhythm at EMS arrival, bystander CPR, type of ALS (BLS, BLS optimisation, ALS) |
Shin 2010 POSTER | 2006–2007 | 0 | 0 | – | – | Hospital discharge | None | None | – | – | – |
Wissenberg [56] | 2001–2010 | 0 | 0 | – | – | 30 days | Male (above 50), 30 days | 0.48 (0.41–0.56) | – | – | – |