Table 1 Selected studies exploring quality of life and frailty in AKI survivors
Study | Location | Years of enrolment | Design | AKI population | QOL or Frailty questionnaire Response rate / total population | Instrument | Assessment time point | Comments/Main findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Soliman et al. [7] | Netherlands | July 2009 until April 2013 | Single center retrospective analysis | Patients with early RIFLE AKI in ICU and alive at 1 year | 1020 / 1549 (65.8%) | EuroQoL 5D-3L™ (EQ-5D) | 1 year | All AKI categories were associated with a primary outcome of EQ-5L < 0.4 or death but at 1 year, AKI category was not associated with HRQOL |
Salathe et al. [9] | Switzerland | January 2015 until April 2018 | Single site observational study | All patients > 55 who received RRT for AKI and were alive in May 2019 | 83/119 (69.7%) | EQ-5D with VAS | VAS score was 71 (SD 22) and mean EQ-5D derived health utility 0.76 (IQR 0.26). Pain was the most frequently reported limitation (46.9%), followed by mobility (36.1%) and anxiety (21.6%); Scores were significantly lower in patients older than 75 years compared to younger patients; QOL was significantly lower than an age/sex matched reference population | |
Thanapongsatorn et al. [10] | Thailand | August 2018 to January 2021 | Randomised controlled trial | Severe AKI stage 2–3 and alive at 12 months | 78/98 (79%) | EQ-5D-5L | 1 year | No statistically significant difference in EQ-5D-5L index scores between the comprehensive care and control group (0.99 [0.8–1.0] vs 0.96 [0.8–1.0], p = 0.80) |
Mishra et al. [11] | United Kingdom | January 2005 until December 2011 | Observational cohort study | Patients with RIFLE –I or higher AKI post cardiac surgery and alive at least 1 year post surgery | 499/777 (64%) | SF-12 v2) | At least 1 year | Median follow-up for patients who returned the QOL questionnaires were 60 months (30, 113) for the AKI group and 63 months (30, 112) for non-AKI patients. Mental scores were not significantly different (51.0 [18.5, 70.8] vs. 52.2 [21.8, 70.6], P = 0.2) between both groups but the physical scores were (38.8 [14.2, 62.5] vs. 44.2 [13.8, 76.7], P< 0.01) |
Studies examining clinical frailty score post AKI | ||||||||
Beaubien-Souligny et al. [5] | Canada | September 2013 until November 2015 | Multicentre prospective cohort study at 6 and 12 months | ICU patients ≥ 65 years with severe AKI and alive at 90 days | 243 / 499 at 6 months (87%) 216 / 499 at 12 months (81%) | CFS | At baseline,90 days and 6 months | Frailty was independently associated with 90-day mortality (adjusted HR 1.49; 95% CI 1.11–2.01, p = 0.008); 243 (53%) patients were alive and had CFS scores captured. Among these, 68 (28%) were frail including 39 (57%) patients who were not frail at baseline |
Abdel-Kader et al. [6] | USA | 2007 to 2010 | Prospective cohort study in 5 US medical centers | Critically ill adults with acute respiratory failure and/or septic or cardiogenic shock and KDGIO-AKI | 317/371 at 3 months (85%) 318/371 at 12 months (86%) | CFS | Baseline 3 and 12 months | Peak AKI was generally associated with higher CFS scores at 12 months (AKI stage 1: OR 1.87, 95% CI 1.11, 3.14; AKI stage 2: OR 1.81, 95% CI 0.94, 3.48; AKI stage 3: OR 2.76, 95% CI 1.34, 5.66) |