Table 1 Patients’ characteristics
Overall (n = 893) | Hospitalization < 7 days (n = 517) | Hospitalization ≥ 7 days (n = 376) | P value a | Missing (%)b | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographics | |||||
Age, mean (SD) | 61.6 (14.0) | 61.9 (14.8) | 61.3 (12.9) | 0.51 | 0 |
Male | 597 (66.9) | 336 (65.0) | 261 (69.4) | 0.19 | 0 |
Days since admission | 6 [2, 15] | 3 [1, 5] | 18 [12, 28] | < 0.001 | 0 |
Body mass index (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 28.4 (8.0) | 28.3 (7.6) | 28.7 (8.5) | 0.47 | 4.0 |
Body weight (kg), mean (SD) | 81.6 (22.7) | 81.0 (22.0) | 82.3 (23.8) | 0.41 | 1.1 |
SAPS2, mean (SD) | 45.9 (19.3) | 44.6 (19.3) | 47.7 (19.2) | 0.017 | 1.9 |
Reason for admission | |||||
Septic shock | 94 (10.5) | 55 (10.6) | 39 (10.4) | 0.99 | 0 |
Other shock | 53 (5.9) | 22 (4.3) | 31 (8.2) | 0.019 | 0 |
Acute respiratory failure | 485 (54.3) | 265 (51.3) | 220 (58.5) | 0.037 | 0 |
Coma | 80 (9.0) | 45 (8.7) | 35 (9.3) | 0.85 | 0 |
Stroke | 24 (2.7) | 16 (3.1) | 8 (2.1) | 0.50 | 0 |
Cardiac arrest | 61 (6.8) | 41 (7.9) | 20 (5.3) | 0.16 | 0 |
Head trauma | 8 (0.9) | 1 (0.2) | 7 (1.9) | 0.024 | 0 |
Other trauma | 10 (1.1) | 4 (0.8) | 6 (1.6) | 0.41 | 0 |
Acute liver failure | 7 (0.8) | 3 (0.6) | 4 (1.1) | 0.67 | 0 |
Acute kidney failure | 47 (5.3) | 36 (7.0) | 11 (2.9) | 0.012 | 0 |
Surgery | 60 (6.7) | 42 (8.1) | 18 (4.8) | 0.12 | 0 |
Other | 81 (9.1) | 46 (8.9) | 35 (9.3) | 0.93 | 0 |
Chronic illnesses | |||||
Chronic arterial hypertension | 425 (47.6) | 239 (46.2) | 186 (49.5) | 0.31 | 0 |
Chronic cardiac insufficiency | 116 (13.0) | 69 (13.3) | 47 (12.5) | 0.76 | 0 |
Chronic lung insufficiency | 174 (19.5) | 105 (20.3) | 69 (18.4) | 0.55 | 0 |
Chronic kidney disease | 105 (11.8) | 67 (13.0) | 38 (10.1) | 0.21 | 0 |
Hemodialysis | 26 (2.9) | 20 (3.9) | 6 (1.6) | 0.07 | 0 |
Cancer or hematologic malignancy | 116 (13.0) | 75 (14.5) | 41 (10.9) | 0.13 | 0 |
Solid organ transplant | 29 (3.2) | 12 (2.3) | 17 (4.5) | 0.08 | 0 |
Type 1 diabetes | 8 (0.9) | 5 (1.0) | 3 (0.8) | > 0.99 | 0 |
Type 2 diabetes | 204 (22.8) | 104 (20.1) | 100 (26.6) | 0.024 | 0 |
Cirrhosis | 24 (2.7) | 11 (2.1) | 13 (3.5) | 0.29 | 0 |
Chronic medications | |||||
Long-acting insulin | 55 (6.2) | 23 (4.4) | 32 (8.5) | 0.019 | 0 |
Short-acting insulin | 49 (5.5) | 19 (3.7) | 30 (8.0) | 0.008 | 0 |
Intermediate insulin | 4 (0.4) | 2 (0.4) | 2 (0.5) | > 0.99 | 0 |
Characteristics on study day | |||||
Temperature (°C) | 37.0 [36.4, 37.5] | 36.8 [36.3, 37.4] | 37.1 [36.6, 37.6] | < 0.001 | 2.2 |
Infection | 556 (62.3) | 299 (57.8) | 257 (68.4) | 0.003 | 0 |
Antibiotic | 484 (54.2) | 255 (49.3) | 229 (60.9) | < 0.001 | 0 |
Vasopressor | 240 (26.9) | 145 (28.1) | 95 (25.2) | 0.44 | 0 |
Mechanical ventilation | 583 (67.5) | 289 (55.9) | 294 (78.2) | < 0.001 | 0 |
Enteral nutrition | 429 (48.0) | 155 (30.0) | 274 (72.9) | < 0.001 | 0 |
Oral nutrition | 231 (25.9) | 176 (34) | 55 (14.6) | < 0.001 | 0 |
Parenteral nutrition | 91 (10.2) | 38 (7.4) | 53 (14.1) | 0.001 | 0 |
2.5% Glucose administration | 60 (6.7) | 26 (5.0) | 34 [9] | 0.021 | 0 |
5% Glucose administration | 580 (64.9) | 332 (64.2) | 248 (66) | 0.422 | 0 |
10% Glucose administration | 40 (4.5) | 34 (6.6) | 6 (1.6) | < 0.001 | 0 |
AKI KDIGO > 0 | 257 (28.8) | 144 (27.9) | 113 [30] | 0.50 | 0 |
Corticosteroids within 3 days | 355 (39.8) | 224 (43.3) | 131 (34.8) | 0.015 | 0 |
Glucagon | 2 (0.2) | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.3) | > 0.99 | 0 |
SOFA score on study day | 5 [3, 8] | 5 [2, 8] | 5 [3, 8.25] | 0.11 | 0.1 |