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Annals of Intensive Care

Table 1 Characteristics and comparisons between patients with and without bleeding complications during hospitalizationa

From: Risk factors for bleeding complications in patients undergoing extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a secondary analysis of the SAVE-J II study

 

All

n = 1632

Bleedingb

n = 361

Non-bleeding

n = 1,271

P-value

Age, years

60 (49–68)

62 (50–70)

59 (49–68)

0.010

Sex, male

1382 (84.7)

306 (84.8)

1076 (84.7)

0.960

Comorbidity

 Hypertension

501 (32.3)

114 (32.8)

387 (32.1)

0.829

 Diabetes mellitus

332 (21.4)

79 (22.7)

253 (21.0)

0.499

 Dyslipidemia

196 (12.6)

53 (15.2)

143 (11.9)

0.097

 Cardiovascular disease

417 (26.9)

97 (27.9)

320 (26.6)

0.631

 Cerebrovascular disease

100 (6.4)

29 (8.3)

71 (5.9)

0.103

 Chronic renal failure

82 (5.3)

18 (5.2)

64 (5.3)

0.916

Medication

0.122

 No antiplatelet and anticoagulant

1153 (81.7)

267 (81.0)

886 (82.0)

 

 Antiplatelet or anticoagulant

227 (16.1)

51 (15.5)

176 (16.3)

 

 Antiplatelet and anticoagulant

31 (2.2)

12 (3.6)

19 (1.8)

 

Location of cardiac arrest

0.917

 Home

649 (39.9)

137 (38.0)

512 (40.4)

 

 Workplace

179 (11.0)

41 (11.4)

138 (10.9)

 

 Public place

287 (17.6)

64 (17.8)

223 (17.6)

 

 Street

230 (14.1)

49 (13.6)

181 (14.3)

 

 Witnessed by emergency medical service

182 (11.2)

45 (12.5)

137 (10.8)

 

 Others

100 (6.1)

24 (6.7)

76 (6.0)

 

 Witnessed cardiac arrest

1278 (78.7)

283 (79.1)

995 (78.7)

0.872

 Bystander CPR

925 (57.6)

208 (58.6)

717 (57.3)

0.656

Initial cardiac rhythm

0.496

 Shockable

1125 (69.6)

251 (69.7)

874 (69.6)

 

 PEA

366 (22.6)

86 (23.9)

280 (22.3)

 

 Asystole

125 (7.7)

23 (6.4)

102 (8.1)

 

 Time from call ambulance to arrival (min) c

32 (26–39)

30 (24–37)

32 (26–39)

0.005

 Estimated low flow time (min) d

55 (45–66)

54 (43–66)

55 (46–66)

0.186

Laboratory dates

 Hemoglobin (g/dL)

12.9 (11.0–14.6)

13.0 (10.9–14.7)

12.9 (11.1–14.6)

0.863

 Platelet (× 104/μL)

14.7 (10.9–19.0)

13.4 (9.9–18.0)

15.0 (11.1–19.3)

 < 0.001

 Fibrinogen (mg/dL)

215 (164–277)

212 (157–271)

216 (166–279)

0.048

 D–dimer (μg/mL)

14.3 (5.7–31.4)

15.4 (5.1–27.5)

14.1 (5.9–33.4)

0.456

 Lactate (mmol/L)

13.0 (10.2–16.0)

13.5 (10.6–16.4)

12.8 (10.1–15.9)

0.031

Rhythm before ECMO initiation

 < 0.001

 Shockable

853 (52.7)

202 (56.3)

651 (51.7)

 

 PEA

520 (32.1)

128 (35.7)

392 (31.1)

 

 Asystole

246 (15.2)

29 (8.1)

217 (17.2)

 

 ECMO cannulation place

 < 0.001

 Emergency room

1038 (64.0)

182 (50.7)

856 (67.8)

 

 Catheter laboratory

580 (35.8)

176 (49.0)

404 (32.0)

 

 Others

3 (0.2)

1 (0.3)

2 (0.2)

 

Blood transfusione

 Red blood cells, rate

832(64.3)

283(84.2)

549(57.3)

 < 0.001

 Red blood cells, Unit

4 (0–10)

10 (4–18)

2 (0–8)

 < 0.001

 Fresh frozen plasma, Unit

4 (0–10)

10 (3.3–16)

0 (0–8)

 < 0.001

 Platelet concentrations, Unit

0 (0–0)

0 (0–20)

0 (0–0)

 < 0.001

 Coronary angiography

1281 (78.5)

322 (89.4)

959 (75.5)

 < 0.001

 Percutaneous catheter intervention

754 (46.5)

207 (57.5)

547 (43.4)

 < 0.001

 Hemostasis procedure

79 (4.8)

79 (21.8)

–

 

 Interventional radiology (IVR)

19 (1.2)

19 (5.3)

–

 

 Surgical intervention

54 (3.3)

54 (15.0)

–

 

 IVR and surgical intervention

6 (0.4)

6 (1.7)

–

 

Etiology of cardiac arrest

 < 0.001

 Cardiac causes of arrest

1410 (86.4)

323 (89.5)

1,087 (85.5)

 

 Acute coronary syndrome

967 (59.3)

240 (66.5)

727 (57.2)

 

 Arrhythmia

229 (14.0)

39 (10.8)

190 (15.0)

 

 Myopathy

96 (5.9)

23 (6.4)

73 (5.8)

 

 Myocarditis

19 (1.2)

5 (1.4)

14 (1.1)

 

 Other cardiac causes

99 (6.1)

16 (4.4)

83 (6.5)

 

 Non-cardiac causes arrest

106 (6.5)

27 (7.5)

79 (6.2)

 

 Pulmonary embolism

59 (3.6)

17 (4.7)

42 (3.3)

 

 Other non-cardiac causes

47 (2.9)

10 (2.9)

37 (2.9)

 

 Unknown

115 (7.1)

11 (3.1)

104 (8.2)

 

 Length of ICU stay, days

3 (1–10)

7 (2–13)

2 (1–9)

 < 0.001

 Length of hospital stay, days

4 (1–21)

9 (2–29)

3 (1–16)

 < 0.001

 Favorable neurological outcome at hospital discharge

230 (14.1)

50 (13.9)

180 (14.2)

0.881

 Survival at hospital discharge

447 (27.4)

126 (34.9)

321 (25.3)

 < 0.001

  1. aData are presented as median (interquartile range) for continuous variables and n (%) for categorical variables
  2. bBleeding complications were defined as conditions requiring blood transfusion or surgical intervention/interventional radiology (IVR), and cerebral hemorrhage was confirmed on computed tomography
  3. cCall ambulance to arrival time is the time from call to emergency medical services to hospital arrival
  4. dEstimated low flow time is the time from cardiac arrest to the establishment of ECMO if the location was in an ambulance and the time from calling an ambulance to the establishment of ECMO if cardiac arrest happened in other location
  5. eBlood transfusion volume was calculated from the time of hospital arrival until 48 h after ICU admission
  6. CPR, cardiopulmonary resuscitation; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; ICU, intensive care unit
  7. Missing date: age = 1, Comorbidity = 80, Medication = 221, Location of cardiac arrest = 5, Witnessed cardiac arrest = 9, Bystander CPR = 25, Initial cardiac rhythm = 16, Time from ambulance to arrival = 26, Estimated low flow time = 79, Hemoglobin = 45, Platelet = 47, Fibrinogen = 201, D-dimer = 912, Lactate = 169, Rhythm before ECMO = 16, ECMO cannulation place = 11, Red blood cell = 338, Fresh frozen plasma = 353, Platelet concentrations = 401, Coronary angiography = 1, Percutaneous coronary intervention = 12, Etiology of cardiac arrest = 1, Length of ICU stay = 12, Length of hospital stay = 8
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