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Annals of Intensive Care
Fig. 1 | Annals of Intensive Care

Fig. 1

From: Automated characterization of patient–ventilator interaction using surface electromyography

Fig. 1

Definitions of considered patient–ventilator interactions based on the segmentation of the ventilator support (

figure c
) in \(P_{\textrm{aw}}\) (
figure d
) and the patient effort (
figure e
) in \(\textrm{sEMG}\) (
figure f
). Reference segmentations of the patient effort are based on \(P_{\textrm{es}}\) (
figure g
). For distinguishing synchronous and delayed triggers, a threshold of \({250\,\textrm{ms}}\) is applied to the derived trigger delay \(\Delta t_{\textrm{trigger}}\) (
figure h
) [10]. The absence of ventilator support or patient activity corresponds to an ineffective or auto-trigger, respectively. If a single patient effort overlaps with two ventilator supports, the first is classified according to the trigger delay, whereas the second is called a double trigger. Similarly, if two patient efforts overlap with a single ventilator support, the second is a double effort

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