Fig. 1

Patients requiring assistances. The histogram illustrates the cumulative rate of patients’ specific assistances or death over the study period in days. Patients were categorized based on the level of assistance, including full assistance with both VA-ECMO and mechanical ventilation in either control or spontaneous breathing modes. Additionally, patients assisted with VA-ECMO alone were included, and those followed after removal from assistance. Patients were also classified based on their respiratory status, which included being assisted by mechanical ventilation (either in control or spontaneous breathing modes) or being fully weaned from the need for intubation and VA-ECMO