Association between pupillary examinations and prognosis in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest who underwent extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a retrospective multicentre cohort study

Annals of Intensive Care

Table 1 Baseline characteristics ^a

	Favourable neurological outcome at hospital discharge n = 74		Unfavourable neurological outcome at hospital discharge n = 649		P value
Age, years	54.3	(14.7)	58	(13.1)	0.032
Sex, male	53.0	(71.6)	553	(85.2)	0.005
Initial rhythm at the scene					0.016
Shockable rhythm	65	(87.8)	463	(71.9)
Pulseless electric activity	7	(9.5)	142	(21.9)
Asystole	1	(1.4)	39	(6.0)
Witnessed cardiac arrest	64	(86.5)	504	(77.7)	0.002
Bystander CPR	49	(66.2)	377	(58.1)	0.026
Prehospital intervention
Epinephrine administration	14	(18.9)	240	(37.0)	0.009
Defibrillation	55	(74.3)	427	(65.8)	0.176
Cardiogenic cardiac arrest	65	(87.8)	560	(86.3)	0.817
Percutaneous coronary intervention	39	(52.7)	315	(48.5)	0.467
Drug administration at ICU admission^b
Vasopressors^c	23	(31.1)	291	(44.8)	0.051
Sedatives^d	55	(74.3)	316	(48.7)	< 0.001
Analgesics^e	55	(74.3)	289	(44.5)	< 0.001
Body temperature at ICU admission, ℃	34.4	(1.4)	34.4	(1.2)	0.957
Estimated low flow time^f, minutes	49.9	(13.7)	55.4	(18.5)	0.016
Time from hospital arrival to ICU admission^g, minutes	197.4	(77.1)	199.2	(89.0)	0.871
Length of ICU stay, in days	14.0	(9.7)	6.7	(9.1)	< 0.001
Length of hospital stay^j, in days	44.0	(34.0)	12.2	(21.7)	< 0.001

^a Data are presented as mean (SD) for continuous variables and as N (percentage) for categorical variables
CPR: cardiopulmonary resuscitation; ECMO: extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; ICU: intensive care unit
^b Drug administration at ICU admission refers to drugs administered to patients upon their admission to the ICU
^c Vasopressors include noradrenaline, dobutamine, dopamine, and adrenaline
^d Sedatives include propofol, midazolam, dexmedetomidine
^e Analgesics include fentanyl and morphine
^f Estimated low flow time is defined as the time from cardiac arrest to the establishment of ECMO if the location of cardiac arrest is ambulance and the time from calling an ambulance to the establishment of ECMO if the location of cardiac arrest is other than ambulance
^g Time from hospital arrival to ICU admission is time from time from hospital arrival to admission to ICU
^h Length of hospital stay includes both intensive care unit and hospital days
Missing data: Age = 0, Gender = 0, Initial rhythm at the scene = 0, Witnessed cardiac arrest = 1, Bystander CPR = 5, Epinephrine administration = 7, Defibrillation = 4, Cardiac arrest caused by cardiogenic = 41, Percutaneous coronary intervention = 18, Vasopressors = 22, Sedatives = 20, Analgesics = 11, Body temperature at ICU admission = 114, Estimated low flow time = 24, Time from hospital arrival to ICU admission = 40, Length of ICU stay = 5, Length of hospital stay = 1