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Annals of Intensive Care

Table 3 Baseline characteristics and prognosis classified by pupillary examination at ICU admission a

From: Association between pupillary examinations and prognosis in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest who underwent extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a retrospective multicentre cohort study

 

Overall population

Negative PLRb and pupil mydriasisd

Negative PLRb and normal pupil diametere

Positive PLRc and pupil mydriasisd

Positive PLRc and normal pupil diametere

 

n = 723

n = 253

n = 219

n = 45

n = 206

Age, years

57.5

(13.3)

56.4

(13.2)

59.4

(12.8)

53.27

(13.1)

57.6

(13.7)

Sex, male

606

(83.8)

219

(86.6)

189

(86.3)

37

(82.2)

161

(78.2)

Initial rhythm at the scene

          

 Shockable rhythm at the scene

528

(73.1)

175

(69.7)

161

(74.2)

39

(86.7)

153

(75.0)

 Pulseless electric activity

149

(20.6)

56

(22.1)

45

(20.5)

6

(13.3)

42

(20.4)

 Asystole

40

(5.5)

20

(7.9)

11

(5.0)

0

(0.0)

9

(4.4)

Witnessed cardiac arrest

568

(78.6)

197

(77.9)

171

(78.1)

40

(88.9)

160

(77.7)

Bystander CPR

426

(58.9)

148

(58.5)

128

(58.4)

31

(68.9)

119

(57.8)

Prehospital intervention

          

 Epinephrine administration

254

(35.1)

99

(39.1)

76

(34.7)

17

(37.8)

62

(30.1)

 Defibrillation

482

(66.7)

152

(60.1)

154

(70.3)

35

(77.8)

141

(68.4)

Cardiogenic cardiac arrest

625

(86.4)

211

(83.4)

194

(88.6)

40

(88.9)

180

(87.4)

Percutaneous coronary intervention

354

(49.0)

109

(43.1)

105

(47.9)

22

(48.9)

118

(57.3)

Drug administration at ICU admissionf

          

 Vasopressorsg

314

(43.4)

128

(53.3)

94

(44.3)

19

(43.2)

73

(35.6)

 Sedativesh

371

(51.3)

79

(32.6)

136

(63.8)

25

(56.8)

131

(64.2)

 Analgesicsi

344

(47.6)

91

(36.3)

114

(53.3)

25

(56.8)

114

(56.2)

Body temperature at ICU admission, ℃

34.4

(1.2)

34.4

(1.4)

34.4

(1.1)

34.8

(1.2)

34.2

(1.2)

 Estimated low flow timej

54.8

(18.1)

59.7

(18.0)

52.4

(19.2)

55.73

(20.8)

51.4

(15.0)

 Time from hospital arrival to ICU admissionk

199.0

(87.7)

188.2

(86.6)

200.9

(95.9)

192.71

(56.0)

211.7

(84.7)

Favourable neurological outcome at hospital discharge

74

(10.2)

4

(1.6)

10

(4.6)

13

(28.9)

47

(22.8)

Survival to hospital discharge

195

(27.0)

11

(4.3)

51

(23.3)

26

(57.8)

107

(51.9)

CPC score at hospital discharge

          

1

59

(8.2)

3

(1.2)

8

(3.7)

10

(22.2)

38

(18.4)

2

15

(2.1)

1

(0.4)

2

(0.9)

3

(6.7)

9

(4.4)

3

28

(3.9)

1

(0.4)

7

(3.2)

5

(11.1)

15

(7.3)

4

93

(12.9)

6

(2.4)

34

(15.5)

8

(17.8)

45

(21.8)

5

528

(73.0)

242

(95.7)

168

(76.7)

19

(42.2)

99

(48.1)

Length of ICU stay, days

7.4

(9.4)

3.1

(3.8)

7.8

(9.2)

14.1

(12.7)

10.9

(11.2)

Length of hospital stayl, days

15.5

(25.2)

4.6

(14.8)

15.2

(23.0)

31.2

(32.1)

25.7

(29.5)

  1. a Data are presented as mean (SD) for continuous variables and as N (percentage) for categorical variables
  2. PLR: pupillary light reflex; ECMO: extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; ICU: intensive care unit; CPC: cerebral performance category
  3. b At least one PLR is negative at ICU admission
  4. c Both PLR are positive at ICU admission
  5. d At least one pupil diameter is mydriasis at ICU admission
  6. e Both pupil diameters are normal at ICU admission
  7. f Drug administration at ICU admission refers to drugs administered to patients upon their admission to the ICU
  8. g Vasopressors include noradrenaline, dobutamine, dopamine, and adrenaline
  9. h Sedatives include propofol, midazolam, and dexmedetomidine
  10. i Analgesics include fentanyl and morphine
  11. j Estimated low flow time is defined as the time from cardiac arrest to the establishment of ECMO if the location of cardiac arrest is ambulance and the time from calling an ambulance to the establishment of ECMO if the location of cardiac arrest is other than ambulance
  12. k Time from hospital arrival to ICU admission is time from time from hospital arrival to admission to ICU
  13. l Length of hospital stay includes both intensive care unit and hospital days
  14. Missing data: Age = 0, Gender = 0, Initial rhythm at the scene = 0, Witnessed cardiac arrest = 1, Bystander CPR = 5, Epinephrine administration = 7, Defibrillation = 4, Cardiac arrest caused by cardiogenic = 41, Percutaneous coronary intervention = 18, Vasopressors = 22, Sedatives = 20, Analgesics = 11, Body temperature at ICU admission = 114, Estimated low flow time = 24, Time from hospital arrival to ICU admission = 40, Favourable neurological outcome at hospital discharge = 0, Survival to hospital discharge = 0, CPC score at hospital discharge = 0, Length of ICU stay = 5, Length of hospital stay = 1
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