Table 3 Between-group differences based on clustering analysis
Characteristics | Cluster 1 (n = 13) | Cluster 2 (n = 29) | Cluster 3 (n = 56) | Cluster 4 (n = 8) | Cluster 5 (n = 12) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, median [IQR] | 42 [27–76] | 44 [36–54] | 73 [62.5–79.25] | 69.5 [46.75–75.5] | 64.5 [56.75–68.25] | < 0.001 |
Female sex at birth, n (%) | 5 (38.5) | 7 (24.1) | 27 (48.2) | 1 (12.5) | 5 (41.7) | 0.13 |
SOFA score, median [IQR] | 2 [1–4] | 5 [2–8] | 7 [3–9] | 7 [2.25–9.75] | 8.5 [5–10.25] | 0.006 |
SAPS II score, median [IQR] | 20 [12–34] | 26 [18–37] | 53.5 [35–66.75] | 45 [37–56.5] | 36 [32.5–51] | < 0.001 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 3 (23.1) | 4 (13.8) | 33 (58.9) | 4 (50) | 7 (58.3) | < 0.001 |
Alcohol abuse, n (%) | 1 (7.7) | 3 (10.3) | 7 (12.5) | 2 (25) | 5 (41.7) | 0.09 |
Liver cirrhosis, n (%) | 0 (0) | 1 (3.4) | 1 (1.8) | 0 (0) | 8 (66.7) | < 0.001 |
Chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 0 (0) | 1 (3.4) | 9 (16.1) | 2 (25) | 7 (58.3) | < 0.001 |
Type 2 diabetes, n (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 13 (23.2) | 1 (12.5) | 4 (33.3) | 0.003 |
Immunocompromised1, n (%) | 3 (23.1) | 6 (20.7) | 35 (62.5) | 4 (50) | 12 (100) | < 0.001 |
Solid tumour, n (%) | 0 (0) | 3 (10.3) | 5 (8.9) | 2 (25) | 2 (16.7) | 0.32 |
Haematologic malignancy, n (%) | 2 (15.4) | 1 (3.4) | 17 (30.4) | 0 (0) | 2 (16.7) | 0.02 |
Autoimmune disease, n (%) | 1 (7.7) | 1 (3.4) | 14 (25) | 1 (12.5) | 1 (8.3) | 0.08 |
Solid organ transplant, n (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.8) | 0 (0) | 12 (100) | < 0.001 |
Corticosteroids, n (%) | 1 (7.7) | 1 (3.4) | 14 (25) | 2 (25) | 9 (75) | < 0.001 |
Immunosuppressive drugs, n (%) | 0 (0) | 1 (3.4) | 11 (19.6) | 0 (0) | 12 (100) | < 0.001 |
Time between hospital presentation and ICU admission2 (days) | 0 [0–0] | 0 [0–2] | 2.5 [1–6] | - | 22 [3–23] | < 0.001 |
Time between hospital presentation and first symptoms2 (days) | -2 [-4 – -1] | -3 [-4.5 – -1.5] | -1 [-3–0] | - | 16 [3–21] | 0.02 |
Other Herpesviridae reactivation, n (%) | 0 (0) | 1 (3.4) | 6 (10.7) | 3 (37.5) | 1 (8.3) | 0.07 |
VZV disease occurring in ICU, n (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 8 (100) | 3 (25) | < 0.001 |
VZV-related organ injury | ||||||
Vesicular skin rash, n (%) | 10 (76.9) | 29 (100) | 36 (64.3) | 6 (75) | 7 (58.3) | 0.005 |
Encephalitis, n (%) | 10 (76.9) | 2 (6.9) | 42 (75) | 2 (25) | 10 (83.3) | < 0.001 |
Pancreatitis, n (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 5 (8.9) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.41 |
Hepatitis, n (%) | 3 (23.1) | 1 (3.4) | 5 (8.9) | 2 (25) | 0 (0) | 0.1 |
Pneumonia, n (%) | 0 (0) | 29 (100) | 16 (28.6) | 4 (50) | 3 (25) | < 0.001 |
ARDS, n (%) | 0 (0) | 16 (55.2) | 5 (8.9) | 3 (37.5) | 1 (8.3) | < 0.001 |
In-ICU management | ||||||
Norepinephrine, n (%) | 1 (7.7) | 13 (44.8) | 28 (50) | 6 (75) | 5 (41.7) | 0.02 |
Invasive mechanical ventilation, n (%) | 0 (0) | 13 (44.8) | 43 (76.8) | 7 (87.5) | 9 (75) | < 0.001 |
Neuromuscular blockers, n (%) | 0 (0) | 12 (41.4) | 3 (5.4) | 2 (25) | 0 (0) | < 0.001 |
Renal replacement therapy, n (%) | 0 (0) | 7 (24.1) | 14 (25) | 5 (62.5) | 5 (41.7) | 0.01 |
Antiviral drugs, n (%) | 13 (100) | 29 (100) | 56 (100) | 7 (87.5) | 12 (100) | 0.07 |
Time between hospital presentation and first antiviral infusion2 (days) | 0 [0–0] | 0 [0–1] | 2 [1–5] | - | 20 [3–26] | < 0.001 |
Hospital-acquired infection, n (%) | 0 (0) | 11 (37.9) | 21 (37.5) | 4 (50) | 8 (66.7) | 0.005 |
Withholding or withdrawing of life-sustaining therapies, n (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 9 (16.1) | 2 (25) | 3 (25) | 0.64 |
Prognosis | ||||||
ICU mortality, n (%) | 0 (0) | 3 (10.3) | 20 (35.7) | 5 (62.5) | 8 (66.7) | < 0.001 |
Hospital mortality, n (%) | 0 (0) | 3 (10.3) | 25 (44.6) | 6 (75) | 8 (66.7) | < 0.001 |