Skip to main content
Annals of Intensive Care
Download PDF

FGF-23 and PTH levels in patients with acute kidney injury: A cross-sectional case series study

Annals of Intensive Care volume 1, Article number: 21 (2011) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23), a novel regulator of mineral metabolism, is markedly elevated in chronic kidney disease and has been associated with poor long-term outcomes. However, whether FGF-23 has an analogous role in acute kidney injury is unknown. The goal of this study was to measure FGF-23 levels in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury to determine whether FGF-23 levels were elevated, as in chronic kidney disease.

Methods

Plasma FGF-23 and intact parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels were measured in 12 patients with acute kidney injury and 8 control subjects.

Results

FGF-23 levels were significantly higher in acute kidney injury cases than in critically ill subjects without acute kidney injury, with a median FGF-23 level of 1948 RU/mL (interquartile range (IQR), 437-4369) in cases compared with 252 RU/mL (IQR, 65-533) in controls (p = 0.01). No correlations were observed between FGF-23 and severity of acute kidney injury (defined by the Acute Kidney Injury Network criteria); among patients with acute kidney injury, FGF-23 levels were higher in nonsurvivors than survivors (median levels of 4446 RU/mL (IQR, 3455-5443) versus 544 RU/mL (IQR, 390-1948; p = 0.02). Severe hyperparathyroidism (defined as intact PTH >250 mg/dL) was present in 3 of 12 (25%) of the acute kidney injury subjects versus none of the subjects without acute kidney injury, although this result did not meet statistical significance.

Conclusions

We provide novel data that demonstrate that FGF-23 levels are elevated in acute kidney injury, suggesting that FGF-23 dysregulation occurs in acute kidney injury as well as chronic kidney disease. Further studies are needed to define the short- and long-term clinical effects of dysregulated mineral metabolism in acute kidney injury patients.

Introduction

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is the most common reason for inpatient nephrology consultation and is associated with in-hospital mortality rates of 45-70% [1, 2]. Until recently, studies of AKI have focused on the epidemiology and management of AKI during the index hospitalization. However, AKI is now recognized as a disease with long-term sequelae, including increased risk of death and chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression [3–10]. The mechanisms by which AKI is linked to adverse long-term outcomes are poorly understood. Changes commonly found in CKD patients--anemia, acid/base dysregulation, altered mineral metabolism--likely occur in AKI patients, and as in CKD patients, may be responsible for some of these adverse long-term sequelae.

Dysregulated mineral metabolism, including derangements in calcium and phosphate levels, is relatively well characterized in CKD, and correction of hypocalcemia, vitamin D deficiency, and hyperphosphatemia in CKD patients is standard-of-care [11–13]. These derangements are all associated with an increased risk of death and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with CKD and end-stage renal disease [14–22]. Interestingly, although hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia are commonly observed in patients with AKI, the literature on dysregulated mineral metabolism in this patient population is relatively limited. Some papers have concentrated on rhabdomyolysis-induced AKI, where hyperphosphatemia is extreme due to tissue breakdown [23–30]. Several studies included patients with AKI due to causes other than rhabdomyolysis [23, 30–35], but these were published 30 or more years ago and did not measure more novel regulators of mineral metabolism, such as fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23).

FGF-23 is a 26-kD protein that is a novel, key regulator of phosphorus excretion and contributes to abnormal bone metabolism in CKD [36]. FGF-23 has been shown to be a strong, independent predictor of death in ESRD and CKD [37–39]. To date, only one case report has explored the impact of AKI on levels of FGF-23 and that was in the setting of rhabdomyolysis [40]. We sought to determine the impact of AKI on FGF-23 and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels in patients with AKI due to causes other than rhabdomyolysis. If FGF-23 is elevated in this context, we hypothesized that FGF-23 might represent a novel treatment target or a novel predictor for poor outcomes in patients with AKI.

Methods

Study design, patient selection, and clinical data collection

AKI cases and non-AKI control subjects (controls) were selected from two prospective observational cohort studies conducted at a tertiary care university hospital. Cases were identified from a prospective study of all patients with AKIN Stage I AKI [41] admitted to the adult intensive care unit of University of California San Francisco Medical Center between June 2006 and March 2009. Control subjects without AKI were identified from a prospective study of all critically ill Emergency Department patients eligible for admission to the adult intensive care unit of University of California San Francisco Medical Center from October 2008 to the present. The protocols were approved by the Institutional Committee on Human Research.

Baseline creatinine was defined as the lowest creatinine from the 365 days before admission until the episode of AKI for AKI subjects. For control subjects, baseline creatinine were the lowest creatinine from the 365 days before admission until hospital admission. Potential subjects with a baseline creatinine of greater than 1.1 mg/dL were excluded to eliminate subjects with underlying CKD, which would impact FGF-23 and PTH levels. Cause of AKI was determined by two nephrologists (KDL, RH) based on chart review. Each nephrologist independently reviewed the medical record to determine the cause of AKI; there was 100% agreement between the two reviewers.

Biomarker measurements

Plasma samples obtained from cases and controls were immediately spun at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes and were aliquoted and stored at -80°C until biomarker measurements were made. For AKI cases, samples were obtained at regular intervals during the first week that the patient met criteria for AKI; measurements were made on the sample from the time point closest to the peak serum creatinine. For controls, measurements were made on samples obtained immediately after admission. Intact PTH measurements were made using Immulite 2000 Intact PTH assay (Siemens, Deerfield IL). FGF-23 measurements were made using a C-terminal FGF-23 ELISA (Immutopics, San Clemente, CA) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The reported calcium and phosphorus measurements were made as part of routine clinical care; the reported measurements are the closest available relative to the time of biosample collection.

Statistical analyses

Baseline characteristics of cases and controls were first compared. Categorical variables were expressed as proportions, and compared using the χ2 test. Continuous variables were expressed as mean ± standard deviation or median with interquartile range and were compared using the t test or the Mann-Whitney rank-sum test, where appropriate. Spearman rank correlation coefficients were used to correlate FGF-23 levels with serum phosphorus, calcium, and PTH levels. Linear regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between FGF-23 levels and AKI status, after controlling for age and severity of illness, as measured by Acute Physiology And Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score [42]; because FGF-23 levels were not normally distributed, levels were natural log transformed for this analysis. Data analysis was conducted by using Stata 10.1 (StataCorp, College Station, TX). Two-tailed p values < 0.05 were considered significant.

Results

The baseline demographics and clinical characteristics of the 20 subjects in this study are summarized in Table 1. We studied 12 cases who developed at least Stage I AKI and 8 control subjects who did not. Cases and controls were similar with regard to sex and race. On average, cases were younger than controls (57 ± 12 years versus 70 ± 17 years, p = 0.05) and had lower APACHE II scores (27 ± 11 versus 17 ± 8, p = 0.04). There was no statistically significant difference for in-hospital mortality rates between the two groups.

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients with and without acute kidney injury
Full size table

Subjects with AKI had a baseline serum creatinine of 67 ± 15 μmol/L with a peak inpatient serum creatinine of 217 ± 86 μmol/L compared with a baseline serum creatinine of 69 ± 20 μmol/L and a peak serum creatinine of 81 ± 17 in non-AKI subjects (p < 0.001 for peak levels). As noted earlier, we excluded potential study subjects with a baseline creatinine greater than 97 μmol/L to avoid patients with underlying CKD. No patient had AKI attributable to rhabdomyolysis. Eight patients had acute tubular necrosis, two patients had AKI after orthotopic liver transplantation, one had cardiorenal syndrome, and one had multifactorial AKI. Two patients had Stage I AKI by the AKIN criteria [41], five patients had Stage II AKI, and five patients had Stage III AKI. Four of 12 (33%) of the AKI subjects were treated with dialysis.

Subjects with and without AKI had mean ionized calcium levels of 1.19 ± 0.1 mmol/L and 1.15 ± 0.08, respectively (p = 0.41). Serum phosphorus levels were significantly higher in AKI subjects compared with controls (4.5 ± 1 mmol/L versus 3.3 ± 1.1 mmol/L, p = 0.02). The median intact PTH level was 63 mg/dL (25-75% interquartile range (IQR), 38-213) in AKI subjects and 70 mg/dL (25-75% IQR, 58-126) in controls (Figure 1A, p = 0.73). When severe hyperparathyroidism was defined as an intact PTH >250 mg/dL, a level that has been associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk in prior studies [43], none of the control subjects had a severe hyperparathyroidism but 3 of 12 (25%) of the AKI subjects did (although this result did not meet conventional levels of statistical significance, p = 0.24).

Figure 1
figure 1

PTH and FGF-23 levels in non-AKI and AKI subjects.

A There was no overall difference in PTH levels between AKI and non-AKI subjects (p = 0.73).

B FGF-23 levels were significant higher in patients with AKI compared with non-AKI subjects (p = 0.01).

Full size image

FGF-23 levels were significantly higher in critically ill AKI cases compared with critically ill non-AKI subjects, with a median FGF-23 level of 1948 RU/mL (IQR, 437-4369) in AKI cases compared with 252 RU/mL (IQR, 65-533) in critically ill controls (p = 0.01; Figure 1B). After adjusting for age and APACHE II as potential confounders, AKI remained a significant predictor of log-transformed FGF-23 levels (Table 2). Among patients with AKI, FGF-23 levels were higher in nonsurvivors (n = 4) compared with survivors (n = 8), with respective median levels of 4446 RU/mL (IQR, 3455-5443) versus 544 RU/mL (IQR, 390-1948; p = 0.02). Although serum phosphorus and FGF-23 levels were both elevated in AKI subjects, no correlation was observed between the two variables, as shown in Figure 2 (r = 0.08, p = 0.74). There was a correlation between PTH and FGF-23 levels (r = 0.55, p = 0.02); when this analysis was restricted to patients with AKI, this correlation only had borderline statistical significance (r = 0.58, p = 0.05), likely due to the small size of the cohort.

Table 2 Association of log-transformed FGF-23 levels with AKI (multivariable linear regression)
Full size table
Figure 2
figure 2

Correlation of serum phosphorus (PO4) and FGF-23 levels in patients with and without acute kidney injury. No correlation was observed between PO4 and FGF-23 levels (r = 0.08, p = 0.74).

Full size image

Discussion

In this cross-sectional case series, we report for the first time that critically ill patients with AKI due to causes other than rhabdomyolysis have elevated FGF-23 levels compared with critically ill controls. Among patients with AKI, elevated FGF-23 levels were associated with an increased risk of death. As expected, AKI patients had, on average, higher concentrations of serum phosphorous compared with patients without AKI. In addition, a larger proportion of AKI patients had significant hyperparathyroidism compared with controls, although this result did not meet statistical significance. These results suggest that dysregulated mineral metabolism is common in AKI, analogous to CKD.

Interestingly, no correlation was observed between phosphorous and FGF-23 levels in this study. Few reports have analyzed this relationship in AKI patients, although in ESRD a patient's degree of elevation in FGF-23 is often correlated with severity of hyperphosphatemia [38, 44, 45]. In CKD, elevated FGF-23 levels are thought to be due to increased secretion by bone cells, rather than due to decreased renal clearance [46, 47]. Comparison of levels of intact versus degraded FGF-23 in patients on maintenance hemodialysis suggest that there is no increase in FGF-23 degradation products in these subjects and that decreased clearance of FGF-23 is therefore not the mechanism for increased FGF-23 levels [48]. Therefore, as in CKD, elevated FGF-23 levels in AKI are likely not due to decreased clearance of FGF-23 and highlight the important paracrine role of the kidney, even in an acute illness (e.g., AKI).

Elevation of FGF-23 during AKI may have several implications. In ESRD patients undergoing hemodialysis, high FGF-23 concentrations are associated with early mortality, with an increased risk as high as 600% [37, 38]. Our study demonstrated an association between FGF-23 levels and death in subjects with AKI, although relatively small. If the association between elevated FGF-23 levels and death is confirmed in a larger study of patients with AKI, prevention or treatment of such processes could become a priority in AKI management. Treatment with phosphate binders and calcimimetics (Cinacalcet) has been shown to lower FGF-23 levels [49–51]. Treatments that are tailored more toward AKI-induced mineral dysregulation could be developed as further information is gathered about the exact role of FGF-23 in AKI. At present, there are no evidence-based guidelines about target goals for maintaining serum phosphorus levels. Treatments that improve the long-term outcomes of patients with AKI are needed, and dysregulated mineral metabolism, including FGF-23 levels, may represent a therapeutic target in AKI that is highly amenable to intervention.

There are several limitations in this study, including small sample size and relatively short follow-up time. Because FGF-23 levels were not measured repeatedly, duration of FGF-23 elevation also was unclear. Nevertheless, this is the first study to report an association between FGF-23 and non-rhabdomyolysis-related AKI, and that among patients with AKI, higher FGF-23 levels are associated with an increased risk of death. Larger and long-term studies should be conducted to clarify the impact of FGF-23 elevation among AKI patients.

Conclusions

Dysregulated mineral metabolism is a poorly understood aspect of acute kidney injury. We demonstrated for the first time that FGF-23, a critical regulator of mineral metabolism in chronic kidney disease, is upregulated during acute kidney injury from causes other than rhabdomyolysis. Furthermore, high FGF-23 levels are associated with mortality in patients with AKI.

References

  1. Uchino S, Kellum JA, Bellomo R, Doig GS, Morimatsu H, Morgera S, Schetz M, Tan I, Bouman C, Macedo E, Gibney N, Tolwani A, Ronco C: Acute renal failure in critically ill patients: a multinational, multicenter study. JAMA 2005, 294: 813–818. 10.1001/jama.294.7.813

    CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Mehta R, Pascual M, Soroko S, Savage B, Himmelfarb J, Ikizler T, Paganini E, Chertow G: Spectrum of acute renal failure in the intensive care unit: the PICARD experience. Kidney Int 2004, 66: 1613–1621. 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.00927.x

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Morgera S, Schneider M, Neumayer HH: Long-term outcomes after acute kidney injury. Crit Care Med 2008, 36: S193-S197. 10.1097/CCM.0b013e318168cae2

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Newsome BB, Warnock DG, McClellan WM, Herzog CA, Kiefe CI, Eggers PW, Allison JJ: Long-term risk of mortality and end-stage renal disease among the elderly after small increases in serum creatinine level during hospitalization for acute myocardial infarction. Arch Intern Med 2008, 168: 609–616. 10.1001/archinte.168.6.609

    CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Ishani A, Xue JL, Himmelfarb J, Eggers PW, Kimmel PL, Molitoris BA, Collins AJ: Acute kidney injury increases risk of ESRD among elderly. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009, 20: 223–228. 10.1681/ASN.2007080837

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Lo LJ, Go AS, Chertow GM, McCulloch CE, Fan D, Ordonez JD, Hsu CY: Dialysis-requiring acute renal failure increases the risk of progressive chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2009, 76: 893–899. 10.1038/ki.2009.289

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Hsu CY, Chertow GM, McCulloch CE, Fan D, Ordonez JD, Go AS: Nonrecovery of kidney function and death after acute on chronic renal failure. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2009, 4: 891–898. 10.2215/CJN.05571008

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Amdur RL, Chawla LS, Amodeo S, Kimmel PL, Palant CE: Outcomes following diagnosis of acute renal failure in U.S. veterans: focus on acute tubular necrosis. Kidney Int 2009, 76: 1089–1097. 10.1038/ki.2009.332

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Wald R, Quinn RR, Luo J, Li P, Scales DC, Mamdani MM, Ray JG: Chronic dialysis and death among survivors of acute kidney injury requiring dialysis. JAMA 2009, 302: 1179–1185. 10.1001/jama.2009.1322

    CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Lafrance JP, Miller DR: Acute kidney injury associates with increased long-term mortality. J Am Soc Nephrol 2010, 21: 345–352. 10.1681/ASN.2009060636

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  11. K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for bone metabolism and disease in chronic kidney disease Am J Kidney Dis 2003, 42: S1-S201.

  12. KDIGO clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis, evaluation, prevention, and treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder (CKD-MBD) Kidney Int Suppl 2009, S1–130.

  13. Uhlig K, Berns JS, Kestenbaum B, Kumar R, Leonard MB, Martin KJ, Sprague SM, Goldfarb S: KDOQI US commentary on the 2009 KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of CKD-Mineral and Bone Disorder (CKD-MBD). Am J Kidney Dis 2010, 55: 773–799. 10.1053/j.ajkd.2010.02.340

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Ganesh SK, Stack AG, Levin NW, Hulbert-Shearon T, Port FK: Association of elevated serum PO4, Ca x PO4 product, and parathyroid hormone with cardiac mortality risk in chronic hemodialysis patients. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2001, 12: 2131–2138.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Block GA, Klassen PS, Lazarus JM, Ofsthun N, Lowrie EG, Chertow GM: Mineral metabolism, mortality, and morbidity in maintenance hemodialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004, 15: 2208–2218. 10.1097/01.ASN.0000133041.27682.A2

    CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Kuwae N, Regidor DL, Kovesdy CP, Kilpatrick RD, Shinaberger CS, McAllister CJ, Budoff MJ, Salusky IB, Kopple JD: Survival predictability of time-varying indicators of bone disease in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 2006, 70: 771–780. 10.1038/sj.ki.5001514

    CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Young EW, Albert JM, Satayathum S, Goodkin DA, Pisoni RL, Akiba T, Akizawa T, Kurokawa K, Bommer J, Piera L, Port FK: Predictors and consequences of altered mineral metabolism: the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study. Kidney Int 2005, 67: 1179–1187. 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00185.x

    CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Kestenbaum B, Sampson JN, Rudser KD, Patterson DJ, Seliger SL, Young B, Sherrard DJ, Andress DL: Serum phosphate levels and mortality risk among people with chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005, 16: 520–528. 10.1681/ASN.2004070602

    CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Wolf M, Shah A, Gutierrez O, Ankers E, Monroy M, Tamez H, Steele D, Chang Y, Camargo CA Jr, Tonelli M, Thadhani R: Vitamin D levels and early mortality among incident hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 2007, 72: 1004–1013. 10.1038/sj.ki.5002451

    CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Wang AY, Lam CW, Sanderson JE, Wang M, Chan IH, Lui SF, Sea MM, Woo J: Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status and cardiovascular outcomes in chronic peritoneal dialysis patients: a 3-y prospective cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr 2008, 87: 1631–1638.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Ravani P, Malberti F, Tripepi G, Pecchini P, Cutrupi S, Pizzini P, Mallamaci F, Zoccali C: Vitamin D levels and patient outcome in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2009, 75: 88–95. 10.1038/ki.2008.501

    CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Mehrotra R, Kermah DA, Salusky IB, Wolf MS, Thadhani RI, Chiu YW, Martins D, Adler SG, Norris KC: Chronic kidney disease, hypovitaminosis D, and mortality in the United States. Kidney Int 2009, 76: 977–983. 10.1038/ki.2009.288

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Shrestha SM, Berry JL, Davies M, Ballardie FW: Biphasic hypercalcemia in severe rhabdomyolysis: serial analysis of PTH and vitamin D metabolites. A case report and literature review. Am J Kidney Dis 2004, 43: e31-e35.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Shieh SD, Lin YF, Lin SH, Lu KC: A prospective study of calcium metabolism in exertional heat stroke with rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure. Nephron 1995, 71: 428–432. 10.1159/000188763

    CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Llach F, Felsenfeld AJ, Haussler MR: The pathophysiology of altered calcium metabolism in rhabdomyolysis-induced acute renal failure. Interactions of parathyroid hormone, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, and 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. N Engl J Med 1981, 305: 117–123. 10.1056/NEJM198107163050301

    CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Sperling LS, Tumlin JA: Case report: delayed hypercalcemia after rhabdomyolysis-induced acute renal failure. Am J Med Sci 1996, 311: 186–188. 10.1097/00000441-199604000-00007

    CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Motellon JL, Bernis C, Gruss E, Traver JA: Role of parathyroid hormone and 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol in calcium homeostasis of rhabdomyolysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1995, 10: 299–300.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Akmal M, Bishop JE, Telfer N, Norman AW, Massry SG: Hypocalcemia and hypercalcemia in patients with rhabdomyolysis with and without acute renal failure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1986, 63: 137–142. 10.1210/jcem-63-1-137

    CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Prince RL, Hutchison BG, Bhagat CI: Hypercalcemia during resolution of acute renal failure associated with rhabdomyolysis: evidence for suppression of parathyroid hormone and calcitriol. Aust N Z J Med 1986, 16: 506–508.

    CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Pietrek J, Kokot F, Kuska J: Kinetics of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in patients with acute renal failure. Am J Clin Nutr 1978, 31: 1919–1926.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Mallette LE, Silverman V: Hypercalcemia after acute renal failure. South Med J 1980, 73: 1453–1456. 10.1097/00007611-198011000-00010

    CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Weinstein RS, Hudson JB: Parathyroid hormone and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol levels in hypercalcemia of acute renal failure. Arch Intern Med 1980, 140: 410–411. 10.1001/archinte.140.3.410

    CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Chertow BS, Plymate SR, Becker FO: Vitamin-D-resistant idiopathic hypoparathyroidism. Acute hypercalcemia during acute renal failure. Arch Intern Med 1974, 133: 838–840. 10.1001/archinte.133.5.838

    CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Massry S, Arieff A, Coburn J, Palmieri G, Kleeman C: Divalent ion metabolism in patients with acute renal failure: studies on the mechanism of hypocalcemia. Kidney Int 1974, 5: 437–445. 10.1038/ki.1974.62

    CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Madsen S, Olgaard K, Ladefoged J: Suppressive effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on circulating parathyroid hormone in acute renal failure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1981, 53: 823–827. 10.1210/jcem-53-4-823

    CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Wolf M: Forging Forward with 10 burning questions on FGF23 in kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2010, 21: 1427–1435. 10.1681/ASN.2009121293

    CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Gutierrez OM, Mannstadt M, Isakova T, Rauh-Hain JA, Tamez H, Shah A, Smith K, Lee H, Thadhani R, Juppner H, Wolf M: Fibroblast growth factor 23 and mortality among patients undergoing hemodialysis. N Engl J Med 2008, 359: 584–592. 10.1056/NEJMoa0706130

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Jean G, Terrat JC, Vanel T, Hurot JM, Lorriaux C, Mayor B, Chazot C: High levels of serum fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-23 are associated with increased mortality in long haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009, 24: 2792–2796. 10.1093/ndt/gfp191

    CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Hsu CY: FGF-23 and outcomes research--when physiology meets epidemiology. N Engl J Med 2008, 359: 640–642. 10.1056/NEJMe0804660

    CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Leaf DE, Wolf M, Stern L: Elevated FGF-23 in a patient with rhabdomyolysis-induced acute kidney injury. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2010, 25: 1335–1337. 10.1093/ndt/gfp682

    CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Mehta RL, Kellum JA, Shah SV, Molitoris BA, Ronco C, Warnock DG, Levin A: Acute Kidney Injury Network: report of an initiative to improve outcomes in acute kidney injury. Crit Care 2007, 11: R31. 10.1186/cc5713

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Knaus WA, Draper EA, Wagner DP, Zimmerman JE: APACHE II: a severity of disease classification system. Crit Care Med 1985, 13: 818–829. 10.1097/00003246-198510000-00009

    CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Soubassi LP, Chiras TC, Papadakis ED, Poulos GD, Chaniotis DI, Tsapakidis IP, Soubassi SP, Zerefos SN, Zerefos NS, Valis DA: Incidence and risk factors of coronary heart disease in elderly patients on chronic hemodialysis. Int Urol Nephrol 2006, 38: 795–800.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Imanishi Y, Inaba M, Nakatsuka K, Nagasue K, Okuno S, Yoshihara A, Miura M, Miyauchi A, Kobayashi K, Miki T, Shoji T, Ishimura E, Nishizawa Y: FGF-23 in patients with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis. Kidney Int 2004, 65: 1943–1946. 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.00604.x

    CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Sato T, Tominaga Y, Ueki T, Goto N, Matsuoka S, Katayama A, Haba T, Uchida K, Nakanishi S, Kazama JJ, Gejyo F, Yamashita T, Fukagawa M: Total parathyroidectomy reduces elevated circulating fibroblast growth factor 23 in advanced secondary hyperparathyroidism. Am J Kidney Dis 2004, 44: 481–487.

    CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Seiler S, Heine GH, Fliser D: Clinical relevance of FGF-23 in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int Suppl 2009, S34-S42.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Wolf M: Forging forward with 10 burning questions on FGF23 in kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol JASN 2010, 21: 1427–1435. 10.1681/ASN.2009121293

    CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Imanishi Y, Inaba M, Nakatsuka K, Nagasue K, Okuno S, Yoshihara A, Miura M, Miyauchi A, Kobayashi K, Miki T, Shoji T, Ishimura E, Nishizawa Y: FGF-23 in patients with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis. Kidney international 2004, 65: 1943–1946. 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.00604.x

    CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Oliveira RB, Cancela AL, Graciolli FG, Dos Reis LM, Draibe SA, Cuppari L, Carvalho AB, Jorgetti V, Canziani ME, Moyses RM: Early control of PTH and FGF23 in normophosphatemic CKD patients: a new target in CKD-MBD therapy? Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2010, 5: 286–291. 10.2215/CJN.05420709

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Wetmore JB, Liu S, Krebill R, Menard R, Quarles LD: Effects of cinacalcet and concurrent low-dose vitamin D on FGF23 levels in ESRD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2010, 5: 110–116. 10.2215/CJN.03630509

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Zisman AL, Wolf M: Recent advances in the rapidly evolving field of fibroblast growth factor 23 in chronic kidney disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2010, 19: 335–342. 10.1097/MNH.0b013e328338f536

    CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This study was supported by the following funding sources: Albert Einstein College of Medicine (MZ); HL090833 (CSC); Flight Attendant Medical Research Institute (CSC); UCSF Department of Medicine (CSC and KDL); KL2 RR024130 (KDL).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, New York, NY, USA

    MaryAnn Zhang

  2. Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA

    Raymond Hsu, Chi-yuan Hsu & Kathleen D Liu

  3. Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, USA

    Kristina Kordesch, Erica Nicasio, Sandra Brady & Hanjing Zhuo

  4. Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA

    Alfredo Cortez, Ian McAlpine & John Stein

  5. Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA

    Kirsten N Kangelaris

  6. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA

    Carolyn S Calfee

Authors
  1. MaryAnn Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Raymond Hsu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Chi-yuan Hsu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Kristina Kordesch
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Erica Nicasio
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Alfredo Cortez
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Ian McAlpine
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Sandra Brady
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Hanjing Zhuo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Kirsten N Kangelaris
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. John Stein
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Carolyn S Calfee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  13. Kathleen D Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kathleen D Liu.

Additional information

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors' contributions

MZ and RH were responsible for data analysis and manuscript preparation. CYH was responsible for study design, data analysis, and manuscript preparation. KK, EN, AC, and IA were responsible for the execution of the study, including screening and consenting eligible study subjects, data collection, data analysis, and manuscript preparation. HZ was responsible for database management and data analysis. SB was responsible for FGF-23 measurements. KNK, JS, and CSC were responsible for design of the study and manuscript preparation. KDL was responsible for study design, biomarker measurements, data analysis, and manuscript preparation.

Authors’ original submitted files for images

Below are the links to the authors’ original submitted files for images.

Authors’ original file for figure 1

Authors’ original file for figure 2

Authors’ original file for figure 3

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 ), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Zhang, M., Hsu, R., Hsu, Cy. et al. FGF-23 and PTH levels in patients with acute kidney injury: A cross-sectional case series study. Ann. Intensive Care 1, 21 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1186/2110-5820-1-21

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2110-5820-1-21

Keywords

  • Chronic Kidney Disease
  • Acute Kidney Injury
  • Chronic Kidney Disease Patient
  • Cinacalcet
  • Acute Kidney Injury Patient