From: Immunohaemostasis: a new view on haemostasis during sepsis
Bacteria | Protein | Target | Result | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
A—initiation of coagulation | ||||
All bacteria | PolyP | FXII → FXIIa | Contact phase activation (FXI) | [51] |
S. aureus | Coagulase | FII → FIIa | Non-proteolytic activation | [52] |
von Willebrand binding protein (vWbp) | vWF (endothelium) | S. aureus anchorage to endothelium | [53] | |
FII → FIIa | Non-proteolytic activation | [52] | ||
vWbp-FIIa → FXIII | Clot stabilisation | [53] | ||
Clumping factor A (ClfA) and fibronectin-binding protein A (FnbpA) | Fg | S. aureus—platelet bridging and clot formation | [54] | |
Staphopains A and B (ScpA, ScpB) | HK → BK | Vascular leakage | ||
Group G streptococci | Fibrinogen-binding protein (FOG) and protein G (PG) | FXII → FXIIa | Contact phase complex assembly and activation (FXI) at bacterial surface | [57] |
B. anthracis | Zinc metalloprotease InhA1 | FX → FXa/FII → FIIa | Fibrin deposition | |
ADAMTS13 inhibition | Platelet adhesion/activation by UL-vWF | [58] | ||
B—degradation of fibrin clot | ||||
B. burgdorferi | Outer surface proteins (OspA and OspC) and Erp proteins (ErpA, ErpC and ErpP) | Plasmin(ogen) | Plasminogen activation by tPA/uPA | [62] |
H. influenzae | Surface protein E (PE) | Plasmin(ogen) | Plasminogen activation by tPA/uPA | [63] |
Streptococci spp. | α-Enolase | Plasmin(ogen) | Plasminogen activation by tPA/uPA | |
B. anthracis | α-Enolase and elongation factor tu | Plasmin(ogen) | Plasminogen activation by tPA/uPA | [66] |
S. pyogenes | Plasminogen-binding M-like protein (PAM) and streptokinase (SK) | Plasminogen | Direct non-enzymatic activation | [51] |
Metalloprotease activation and tissue invasion by PAM-bound SK·PM | ||||
S. agalactiae | Skizzle (SkzL) | tPA/uPA | Enhanced plasminogen activation | [70] |
Y. pestis | Omptin Pla | Plasminogen | Direct activation in presence of LPS | [71] |
PAI-1/TAFI/α2-AP | Inactivation of serpins | |||
S. enterica | Omptin PgtE | PAI-1/α2-AP | Inactivation of serpins | [76] |
C—inactivation of fibrinolysis | ||||
Group A streptococci | Collagen-like proteins (SclA and SclB) | TAFI and FIIa | TAFI → TAFIa | |
D—Inhibition of coagulation | ||||
Group A streptococci | Streptococcal inhibitor of complement (SIC) | HK | Inhibition of HK binding and contact phase activation | |
S. aureus | Staphylococcal superantigen-like protein 10 (SSLP-10) | FII | Inhibition of platelet binding and activation | [81] |