Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study cohort
From: Growth differentiation factor 15 and early prognosis after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest
Characteristics | All patients (n = 62) | Favorable outcomea (n = 30) | Unfavorable outcomea (n = 32) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographics | ||||
Age, years | 59 (52–71) | 56 (48–60) | 67 (57–74) | 0.002 |
Female sex | 11 (17.7) | 7 (23.3) | 4 (12.5) | 0.264 |
Clinical history | ||||
Tobacco use | 34 (54.8) | 19 (63.3) | 15 (46.9) | 0.193 |
Arterial hypertension | 34 (54.8) | 12 (40.0) | 22 (68.8) | 0.023 |
Diabetes mellitus | 15 (24.2) | 2 (6.7) | 13 (40.6) | 0.002 |
Prior MI | 10 (16.1) | 3 (10.0) | 7 (21.9) | 0.204 |
CVD | 6 (9.7) | 2 (6.7) | 4 (12.5) | 0.438 |
Resuscitation variables | ||||
Home setting arrest | 23 (37.1) | 5 (16.7) | 18 (56.3) | 0.001 |
Witnessed arrest | 61 (98.4) | 30 (100) | 31 (96.9) | 0.329 |
Bystander CPR | 32 (51.6) | 23 (76.7) | 9 (28.1) | < 0.001 |
Collapse-CPR duration, min | 4 (1–7) | 3 (1–5) | 5 (2–11) | 0.004 |
CPR-ROSC duration, min | 22 (13–30) | 19 (11–31) | 23 (15–30) | 0.280 |
Non-shockable rhythm | 10 (16.1) | 1 (3.3) | 9 (28.1) | 0.008 |
Number of defibrillations | 4 (2–6) | 3 (2–6) | 4 (1–6) | 0.419 |
Epinephrine | 0.004 | |||
0 | 12 (19.4) | 11 (36.7) | 1 (3.1) | |
1–2 mg | 19 (30.7) | 7 (23.3) | 12 (37.5) | |
≥ 3 mg | 31 (50.0) | 12 (40.0) | 19 (59.4) | |
Admission GCS | 3 (3–5) | 5 (3–7) | 3 (3–3) | < 0.001 |
Admission creatinine, (µmol/L) | 114.9 (97.2–139.7) | 109.6 (91.0–132.6) | 128.6 (109.6–141.9) | 0.033 |
Admission pH | 7.22 (7.13–7.28) | 7.25 (7.18–7.31) | 7.19 (7.09–7.26) | 0.065 |
Admission lactate, mmol/Lb | 4.4 (2.6–6.3) | 3.4 (2.2–6.6) | 5.2 (2.8–6.4) | 0.337 |
Admission GDF-15, ng/mL | 12.4 (5.7–19.6) | 7.6 (41.4–13.0) | 17.1 (11.1–20.4) | 0.004 |
ICCU treatment | ||||
Mechanical ventilation | 62 (100) | 30 (100) | 32 (100) | – |
Therapeutic hypothermia | 37 (59.7) | 20 (66.7) | 17 (53.1) | 0.277 |
Coronary angiography | 52 (83.9) | 28 (93.3) | 24 (75.0) | 0.050 |
Cardiac arrest etiology | ||||
STEMI | 38 (61.3) | 20 (66.7) | 18 (56.3) | 0.400 |
NSTEMI | 13 (21.0) | 4 (13.3) | 9 (28.1) | 0.153 |
Vasospastic angina | 4 (6.45) | 3 (10.0) | 1 (3.1) | 0.271 |
Chronic CAD | 3 (4.8) | 0 | 3 (9.4) | 0.086 |
Cardiomyopathy | 2 (3.2) | 2 (6.7) | 0 | 0.138 |
Acute myocarditis | 1 (1.6) | 1 (3.3) | 0 | 0.298 |
Others | 1 (1.6) | 0 | 1 (3.1) | 0.329 |