Drosten C, Gunther S, Preiser W, van der Werf S, Brodt HR, Becker S, Rabenau H, et al. Identification of a novel coronavirus in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2003;20:1967–76.
Article
Google Scholar
Zaki AM, van Boheemen S, Bestebroer TM, Osterhaus AD, Fouchier RA. Isolation of a novel coronavirus from a man with pneumonia in Saudi Arabia. N Engl J Med. 2012;19:1814–20.
Article
Google Scholar
Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W, Si HR, et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature. 2020;7798:270–3.
Article
Google Scholar
Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, Zhang L, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan China. Lancet. 2020;10223:497–506.
Article
Google Scholar
Chen G, Wu D, Guo W, Cao Y, Huang D, Wang H, Wang T, et al. Clinical and immunological features of severe and moderate coronavirus disease 2019. J Clin Invest. 2020;5:2620–9.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Laguna-Goya R, Utrero-Rico A, Talayero P, Lasa-Lazaro M, Ramirez-Fernandez A, Naranjo L, Segura-Tudela A, et al. IL-6-based mortality risk model for hospitalized patients with COVID-19. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020;146:799–807.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Netea MG, Rovina N, Akinosoglou K, Antoniadou A, Antonakos N, Damoraki G, et al. Complex immune dysregulation in COVID-19 patients with severe respiratory failure. Cell Host Microbe. 2020;6:992–1000 e3.
Del Valle DM, Kim-Schulze S, Huang HH, Beckmann ND, Nirenberg S, Wang B, Lavin Y, et al. An inflammatory cytokine signature predicts COVID-19 severity and survival. Nat Med. 2020.
Le Gall JR, Lemeshow S, Saulnier F. A new Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS II) based on a European/North American multicenter study. JAMA. 1993;24:2957–63.
Article
Google Scholar
Moreno R, Vincent JL, Matos R, Mendonca A, Cantraine F, Thijs L, Takala J, et al. The use of maximum SOFA score to quantify organ dysfunction/failure in intensive care. Results of a prospective, multicentre study. Working Group on Sepsis related Problems of the ESICM. Intensive Care Med. 1999;7:686–96.
Article
Google Scholar
Chawla LS, Bellomo R, Bihorac A, Goldstein SL, Siew ED, Bagshaw SM, Bittleman D, et al. Acute kidney disease and renal recovery: consensus report of the Acute Disease Quality Initiative (ADQI) 16 Workgroup. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2017;4:241–57.
Article
Google Scholar
Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, Wang B, et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan. China JAMA. 2020;323:1061–9.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Young BE, Ong SWX, Kalimuddin S, Low JG, Tan SY, Loh J, Ng OT, et al. Epidemiologic features and clinical course of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Singapore. JAMA. 2020;323:1488–94.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Grasselli G, Zangrillo A, Zanella A, Antonelli M, Cabrini L, Castelli A, Cereda D, et al. Baseline characteristics and outcomes of 1591 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 admitted to ICUs of the Lombardy Region. Italy JAMA. 2020;323:1574–81.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
He Z, Zhao C, Dong Q, Zhuang H, Song S, Peng G, Dwyer DE. Effects of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus infection on peripheral blood lymphocytes and their subsets. Int J Infect Dis. 2005;6:323–30.
Article
Google Scholar
Chu H, Zhou J, Wong BH, Li C, Chan JF, Cheng ZS, Yang D, et al. Middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus efficiently infects human primary T lymphocytes and activates the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis pathways. J Infect Dis. 2016;6:904–14.
Article
Google Scholar
Chen J, Lau YF, Lamirande EW, Paddock CD, Bartlett JH, Zaki SR, Subbarao K. Cellular immune responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infection in senescent BALB/c mice: CD4+ T cells are important in control of SARS-CoV infection. J Virol. 2010;3:1289–301.
Article
Google Scholar
Zhao J, Li K, Wohlford-Lenane C, Agnihothram SS, Fett C, Zhao J, Gale MJ Jr, et al. Rapid generation of a mouse model for Middle East respiratory syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2014;13:4970–5.
Article
Google Scholar
Sproston NR, Ashworth JJ. Role of C-reactive protein at sites of inflammation and infection. Front Immunol. 2018;9:754.
Article
Google Scholar
Weinhold B, Ruther U. Interleukin-6-dependent and -independent regulation of the human C-reactive protein gene. Biochem J. 1997;327:425–9.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Calabro P, Willerson JT, Yeh ET. Inflammatory cytokines stimulated C-reactive protein production by human coronary artery smooth muscle cells. Circulation. 2003;16:1930–2.
Article
Google Scholar
Luyendyk JP, Schoenecker JG, Flick MJ. The multifaceted role of fibrinogen in tissue injury and inflammation. Blood. 2019;6:511–20.
Article
Google Scholar
Lodigiani C, Iapichino G, Carenzo L, Cecconi M, Ferrazzi P, Sebastian T, Kucher N, et al. Venous and arterial thromboembolic complications in COVID-19 patients admitted to an academic hospital in Milan Italy. Thromb Res. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.2020.04.024.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Song R, Kim J, Yu D, Park C, Park J. Kinetics of IL-6 and TNF-alpha changes in a canine model of sepsis induced by endotoxin. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2012;2:143–9.
Article
Google Scholar
Neilson D, Kavanagh JP, Rao PN. Kinetics of circulating TNF-alpha and TNF soluble receptors following surgery in a clinical model of sepsis. Cytokine. 1996;12:938–43.
Article
Google Scholar
Fisher CJ Jr, Agosti JM, Opal SM, Lowry SF, Balk RA, Sadoff JC, Abraham E, et al. Treatment of septic shock with the tumor necrosis factor receptor: Fc fusion protein. The Soluble TNF Receptor Sepsis Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1996;26:1697–702.
Article
Google Scholar
Fernandez-Serrano S, Dorca J, Coromines M, Carratala J, Gudiol F, Manresa F. Molecular inflammatory responses measured in blood of patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2003;5:813–20.
Google Scholar
Leisman DE, Ronner L, Pinotti R, Taylor MD, Sinha P, Calfee CS, Hirayama AV, et al. Cytokine elevation in severe and critical COVID-19: a rapid systematic review, meta-analysis, and comparison with other inflammatory syndromes. Lancet Respir Med. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30404-5.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Aziz M, Fatima R, Assaly R. Elevated interleukin-6 and severe COVID-19: a meta-analysis. J Med Virol. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25948.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Alzghari SK, Acuna VS. Supportive treatment with tocilizumab for COVID-19: a systematic review. J Clin Virol. 2020;127:104380.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Sciascia S, Apra F, Baffa A, Baldovino S, Boaro D, Boero R, Bonora S, et al. Pilot prospective open, single-arm multicentre study on off-label use of tocilizumab in severe patients with COVID-19. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2020;38:529–32.
PubMed
Google Scholar