When used as a driving gas during NIV in hypercapnic COPD exacerbation, a helium–oxygen (He/O2) mixture reduces the work of breathing and gas trapping. The potential for He/O2 to reduce the rate of NIV failure leading to intubation and invasive mechanical ventilation has been evaluated in several RCTs. The goal of this meta-analysis is to assess the effect of NIV driven by He/O2 compared to air/O2 on patient-centered outcomes in hypercapnic COPD exacerbation. Relevant RCTs were searched using standard procedures. The main endpoint was the rate of NIV failure. The effect size was computed by a fixed-effect model, and estimated as odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Additional endpoints were ICU mortality, NIV-related side effects, and the length and costs of ICU stay. Three RCTs fulfilled the selection criteria and enrolled a total of 772 patients (386 patients received He/O2 and 386 received air/O2). Pooled analysis showed no difference in the rate of NIV failure when using He/O2 mixture compared to air/O2: 17 vs 19.7%, respectively; OR 0.84, 95% CI 0.58–1.22; p = 0.36; I2 for heterogeneity = 0%, and no publication bias. ICU mortality was also not different: OR 0.8, 95% CI 0.45–1.4; p = 0.43; I2 = 5%. However, He/O2 was associated with less NIV-related adverse events (OR 0.56, 95% CI 0.4–0.8, p = 0.001), and a shorter length of ICU stay (difference in means = −1.07 day, 95% CI −2.14 to −0.004, p = 0.049). Total hospital costs entailed by hospital stay and NIV gas were not different: difference in means = −279$, 95% CI −2052–1493, p = 0.76. Compared to air/O2, He/O2 does not reduce the rate of NIV failure in hypercapnic COPD exacerbation. It is, however, associated with a lower incidence of NIV-related adverse events and a shortening of ICU length of stay with no increase in hospital costs.
Noninvasive ventilation (NIV) has become a standard of care in COPD patients with acute exacerbation requiring ventilatory support [1–4]. Avoiding tracheal intubation drastically reduces the rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), antibiotic use, the time spent under mechanical ventilation, ICU length of stay, and associated mortality [5–9]. The sustained mastering of the clinical and technological aspects of NIV (defining optimal indications, selection of ventilators and interface, improvements in patient–ventilator synchrony) has been associated with substantial advances in NIV success rates, allowing a wide range of patients to be managed entirely by this technique, thereby minimizing the risk of complications inherent to conventional invasive ventilation [2, 8, 9]. Despite these advances, it is believed that an additional success margin is possible, leading to further reduction in the number of patients still in need of invasive ventilation. One such area of potential progress is the gas used for ventilation [10–12].
Compared to air–oxygen (air/O2), a mixture of helium and oxygen (He/O2) has been consistently shown to convey numerous beneficial effects in the setting of increased airway resistance owing to its lower density. Indeed, the lower density of helium enhances the transition from a turbulent to a laminar flow, thereby reducing density-dependent components of airway resistance within bronchi with increased resistance, as is the case in COPD exacerbation [10–16]. These effects translate into a reduction in dynamic hyperinflation and a lower work of breathing [10, 15, 17]. These studies provide sound scientific grounds to anticipate a reduction in NIV failure rate when using He/O2 instead of air/O2 in COPD exacerbation requiring ventilatory support [10]. This hypothesis has been tested in randomized controlled trials (RCTs).
The aim of the present systematic review and meta-analysis is to compare the effect of He/O2 and air/O2 NIV on patient-centered clinical outcomes.
Methods
Search strategy and study selection
Relevant studies were searched in MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Science Citation Index with the restriction of randomized clinical trial for article type published up to September 20, 2016, with the following MeSH terms: [“non-invasive ventilation” or “Bilevel”] AND [(“pulmonary disease, chronic obstructive”[MeSH Terms] OR (“pulmonary”[All Fields] AND “disease”[All Fields] AND “chronic”[All Fields] AND “obstructive”[All Fields]) OR “chronic obstructive pulmonary disease”[All Fields] OR “copd”[All Fields]) AND “exacerbation”[All Fields] AND [“heliox” or “helium–oxygen” or “helium”]. We have also conducted a manual search in journals and contacted authors of trials.
Study selection
We included all randomized controlled clinical trials designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of NIV using a mixture of helium and oxygen to ventilate COPD patients with acute hypercapnic respiratory failure. Standard treatment (e.g., bronchodilators and antibiotics) had to be comparable in control and intervention arms. Patients included in these studies were adults aged 18 and older with COPD diagnosed on clinical criteria and respiratory function tests.
Data extraction and study characteristics
Two independent evaluators (FA and LOB) selected studies according to the inclusion criteria and extracted the following: type and baseline characteristics of included patients, the criteria for NIV, type and composition of He/O2 mixture (78/22 or 65/35%), time to the first NIV session and its duration, total duration of He/O2 administration, minimum NIV duration with a given gas mixture during the first 24 h, composition of the gas administered between NIV sessions (whether helium/O2 or air/O2), type of associated medications, and criteria for primary and secondary endpoints. Disagreements were resolved by consensus.
Data were extracted to allow quality assessment of the included studies. The risk of bias tool from the Cochrane Handbook was used [18].
Data synthesis
In this meta-analysis, the primary endpoint was the rate of NIV failure during the index ICU stay. The secondary endpoints included the intubation rate per se as the definition of NIV failure was not uniform; in one study, the failure rate was a composite of necessity of intubation and/or death without intubation during the ICU stay [19]. Additional endpoints were ICU mortality, the length of ICU stay, and the costs of ICU stay. Safety was assessed through the number of serious adverse events related to He/O2 mixture, and the number of episodes of complication related to NIV. The latter consisted of facial skin necrosis, gastric distension, pneumothorax, and nosocomial pneumonia. NIV failure was not considered an NIV adverse effect since it was counted separately as the primary outcome.
Statistical analysis
For binary outcomes (NIV failure rate, intubation rate, mortality, NIV complications, and adverse effects of He/O2 mixture), we reported the effect sizes estimates as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). For the length of ICU stay, and the difference in costs of the total hospitalization per patient, results were expressed as difference of means and 95% CIs. Only two out of three included studies reported the total costs per patient, which consisted of both the costs of hospital stay and those of the gas used for noninvasive ventilation. The first study was a Swiss one [20], and expressed the expenses in US$, while the second was a multicenter study and reported detailed costs in French patients relying on diagnosis-related group (DRG) tools [19]. In the latter, costs were expressed in euros, and converted to US$ (1€ = 1.1386US$).
Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05 for hypothesis testing and p < 0.1 for heterogeneity testing. We measured heterogeneity and expressed it as I2, with suggested thresholds for low (I2 = 25–49%), moderate (I2 = 50–74%), and high (I2 ≥ 75%) values. We used a fixed-effect model which assumes that studies included in the meta-analysis should share a common effect size, since patients’ characteristics and the evaluated intervention are similar in all studies. To assess publication bias, we visually examined the funnel plot for NIV failure and performed the Egger test of the intercept which uses precision to predict the standardized effect. All statistical tests were two-sided.
The meta-analysis was conducted using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) program version 2 software (Biostat, Englewood, NJ, USA). This meta-analysis was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines.
Results
Search results and trials characteristics
The literature search initially identified 164 citations. Among these studies, only 15 dealt with the use of He/O2 for NIV in COPD exacerbation. Of these, three randomized controlled studies evaluating the efficacy of NIV using He/O2 in acute COPD exacerbation were included in the final analysis [19–21]. The selection process is illustrated by the flowchart in Fig. 1. The included studies enrolled a total of 772 patients. The main clinical characteristics of included studies are depicted in Table 1.
Fig. 1
PRISMA diagram of the study selection process
Table 1
Characteristics of included studies
RCT
Sample size
Baseline FEV1 (ml/s)
He/O2 mixture
Ventilator type/helium canister connection
Ventilation mode/daily duration/study duration
Interface
Between NIV sessions gas
NIV failure criteria
Baseline pH
Baseline PaCO2 (mmHg)
Predicted mortality rate (%)
SMR
Predicted NIV failure rate (%)
Observed NIV failure rate (%)
He/O2
Air/O2
He/O2
Air/O2
He/O2
Air/O2
He/O2
Air/O2
Jolliet_2003
59
64
740 ± 362
78/22
ICU ventilator with connection to the air inlet
NIPSV/≥ 6H/until recovery
Oronasal mask
Air/O2
Intubation
7.32 ± 0.06
7.30 ± 0.07
65 ± 13
63 ± 15
24
0.33
45
13.5
20.3
Maggiore_2010
102
102
900 ± 400
65/35
ICU ventilator with connection to the O2 inlet
NIPSV/≥ 6H/until recovery
Facial full mask
Air/O2
Intubation
7.28 ± 0.07
7.28 ± 0.06
73 ± 18
72 ± 15
15
0.67
40
24.5
30.4
Jolliet_2016
225
220
785 ± 360
78/22
ICU ventilator with dedicated connection
NIPSV/≥ 6H/≤ 72H
Oronasal mask
He/O2
Intubation or death in the ICU
7.29 ± 0.05
7.30 ± 0.06
71 ± 16
68 ± 17
15
0.37
25
14.7
14.5
FEV1 forced expiratory volume in 1 s, NIPSV noninvasive pressure support ventilation, SMR standardized mortality ratio
Quality assessment
The three studies were randomized, controlled, non-blinded studies. The risk of bias regarding random sequence generation and allocation concealment was low in the study by Maggiore et al. [21] and unclear in the remaining two. Blinding of patients was possible in the three studies. All studies were open-label regarding physicians’ assessment of outcomes, which were either hard outcomes such as ICU mortality, or relied on pre-defined objective criteria such as the main efficacy criteria (tracheal intubation). In the most recent study by Jolliet et al. [19], an adjudication and safety committee determined in a blinded manner whether intubation criteria were met in every case. All included studies had low bias for incomplete data. There was no selective outcome reporting bias in the three studies (Table 2).
Table 2
Quality assessment of RCTs
Study
Random sequence generation
Allocation concealment
Blinding of patients
Blinding of outcome assessment
Incomplete outcome data
Selective outcome reporting
He/O2 group
Air/O2 group
Jolliet_2003
UNCLEAR
Stated only that patients were randomized
UNCLEAR
LOW
Patients blind to the type of driving gas
UNCLEAR
Hard outcomes such as mortality and pre-defined criteria of intubation
LOW
All results are based
on all patients (ITT)
LOW
All results are based
on all patients (ITT)
LOW
No apparent selective reporting
Maggiore_2010
LOW
Computer-generated randomization
LOW
Randomization undertaken at central site with a computer-generated allocation sequence
LOW Patients blind to the type of driving gas
UNCLEAR
Hard outcomes such as mortality and pre-defined criteria of intubation
LOW
All results are based
on all patients (ITT)
LOW
All results are based
on all patients (ITT)
LOW
No apparent selective reporting
Jolliet_2016
UNCLEAR
Stated only that eligible patients were randomized
UNCLEAR
LOW
Patients blind to the type of driving gas
UNCLEAR
Hard outcomes such as mortality and pre-defined criteria of intubation
LOW
All results are based
on all patients (ITT)
LOW
All results are based
on all patients (ITT)
LOW
No apparent selective reporting
The studies included a majority of males (65%) with a mean age of 69 ± 14 years (Table 1). All studies included COPD patients (mean baseline FEV1 = 808 ± 110 ml), experiencing severe exacerbation requiring ventilatory support. COPD diagnosis was either known or suspected on smoking status, clinical and radiologic signs, and respiratory function tests. The need for ventilatory support and ICU admission relied on the association of respiratory acidosis (pH ≤ 7.35 and PaCO2 ≥ 45 mmHg), and a respiratory rate ≥25 b/min. In the group of patients receiving He/O2, the gas mixture composition varied among studies with similar formulations: He/O2 78/22% in both studies conducted by Jolliet et al. [19, 20], and a 65/35% formulation in the study by Maggiore et al. [21]. In the most recent study by Jolliet et al., the group of patients allocated to He/O2 also received this mixture continuously during the first 72 h after inclusion, both during NIV sessions and during spontaneous breathing between NIV sessions [19]. In the previous studies, patients belonging to both study arms inhaled an air/O2 mixture between NIV sessions.
Overall, the severity of the index exacerbation was high as inferred from the baseline arterial pH (7.3 as a mean in two studies and 7.28 in one study) and from the predicted mortality derived from mortality prediction systems (SAPS and APACHE scores): between 15 and 24% in the three studies. NIV failure was defined as the need for tracheal intubation in the studies by Jolliet and Maggiore [20, 21], and by the need for intubation or death in the ICU without intubation, in the ECHO ICU trial [19].
Data analysis
Comparison of NIV gas mixtures involved 386 patients who received He/O2 and 386 ventilated with air/O2.
Primary endpoint
Pooled analysis shows no statistically significant difference in the rate of NIV failure when using He/O2 mixture compared to air/O2: 17 vs. 19.7%, respectively; OR 0.84, 95% CI 0.58 to 1.22; p = 0.36 (Fig. 2). Overall, there was no heterogeneity (I2 = 0%). There was no obvious publication bias detected by visual inspection of the “funnel plot.” The Egger test was also non-significant (regression intercept = −2.18, p = 0.3). We also computed the aggregate effect on the need for tracheal intubation per se, as it was a common definition of NIV failure in the included studies. The pooled analysis of the intubation rate reported in the three studies yielded no statistically significant difference between patients ventilated with He/O2 or air/O2: OR 0.81, 95% CI 0.56–1.17; p = 0.27; I2 = 0%.
Fig. 2
Effects of He/O2 mixture on NIV failure rate. Blue squares represent odds ratios (ORs) in individual trials with the size proportional to the weight of the study. The 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for individual trials are denoted by lines. The contribution of each included study to the pooled estimate (weight) is plotted as a percentage in the right column. The combined overall effect is represented by the red diamond
Secondary endpoints
Overall, the ICU mortality rate was not statistically different between the He/O2 and air/O2 groups: OR 0.8, 95% CI 0.45–1.4; p = 0.43; I2 = 5% (Fig. 3).
Fig. 3
Effects on ICU mortality rate. Blue squares represent odds ratios (ORs) in individual trials, while the red diamond represents the combined overall effects. I2 test for heterogeneity: 5%
No adverse event attributable to He/O2 was reported. Regarding NIV complications (facial skin necrosis, gastric distension, pneumothorax, and nosocomial pneumonia), there was a statistically significant difference, with less events in the He/O2 patients: OR 0.56, 95% CI 0.4–0.8, p = 0.001, I2: 0.02 (Fig. 4).
Fig. 4
Rate of NIV complications. Blue squares represent odds ratios (ORs) in individual trials, while the red diamond represents the combined overall effects. I2 test for heterogeneity: 0.02%
The length of ICU stay was also significantly lower in the He/O2 group compared to the standard treatment group: difference in means = −1.07 day 95% CI −2.14 to –0.004, p = 0.049, I2: 0% (Fig. 5). Regarding total hospital costs incurred by hospital stay and NIV gas (air or helium), there was no statistical difference between both study groups: difference in mean = −279$ by fixed-effect model, 95% CI −2052 to 1493, p = 0.76, I2: 85% (Fig. 6).
Fig. 5
Length of ICU stay. Estimates are expressed as difference in means and 95% confidence. The length of stay was significantly lower in the He/O2 with no heterogeneity between included studies (I2: 0%)
Fig. 6
Difference in total costs (per patient) of the initial admission. There was no statistical difference between study groups with a high heterogeneity level between studies (I2: 85%)
Discussion
The current meta-analysis of controlled studies evaluating the use of He/O2 as a driving gas for NIV in hypercapnic COPD exacerbation found no significant reduction in either the failure rate of NIV or ICU mortality. However, He/O2 significantly reduced the length of ICU stay and the rate of NIV-associated complications.
Beyond the lack of statistical heterogeneity in the main or secondary outcomes analysis, one of the strengths of the current meta-analysis is the lack of clinical heterogeneity incurred by the three included studies. Indeed, the included patients were fairly similar between the first and last study with similar levels of baseline FEV1, pH at inclusion, predicted mortality, etc. In addition, given the relevance of the ventilatory strategy to NIV success/failure, the investigators applied a so-called bundle ventilatory strategy that sought to conform both to evolving technological advances (quality of the interface, compatibility of accessories and ventilators with helium gas) and to clinical standards (mode and ventilatory settings, NIV sessions duration, interaction with patients). Moreover, in each new study, researchers tried to tackle shortcomings of the preceding one as reflected by the extension of the duration of administration of the gas to NIV-free periods in the most recent study [19]. The participating research teams also had comparable levels of performance and mastering of NIV techniques, and have clearly benefited from the learning curve of NIV implementation. This observation is reflected by a steady reduction in the failure rate recorded in the three studies, a fact that negatively impacted subsequent study design. Indeed, in the three RCTs that evaluated He/O2 in hypercapnic COPD exacerbation, there was a recurrent overestimation of the NIV failure rate in the control group, leading to an underestimation of the sample size, thereby yielding substantially underpowered trials. Yet, the first two RCTs conducted by Jolliet et al. [20] and Maggiore et al. [21] exhibited a reduction in the intubation rate with He/O2 which went well beyond what could be considered as a minimal clinically relevant effect. In fact, these studies were conducted at times when the “learning curve” of NIV in real life was still in its ascending limb [22]. For example, Jolliet et al. [20] assumed an intubation rate of 45%, the rate assumed by Maggiore et al. [21] was 40%, while these assumptions were reduced to 25% in the recent and largest study conducted by Jolliet et al. [19]. However, the observed intubation rate recorded in the control group of each study was actually much lower, amounting to 20, 30.4, and 14.5%, respectively [19–21]. Of note, the ECHO ICU study, which was the largest study on the evaluation of He/O2 mixture in hypercapnic COPD exacerbation, recorded the lowest rate of primary outcome event, i.e., NIV failure and tracheal intubation [19].
Should a new study be conducted in order to provide a definitive answer on the benefit of He/O2 in hypercapnic COPD exacerbation? Besides the cumbersome logistics (ventilators with helium option, gas cylinders blended with the needed He/O2 mixture, specific high-concentration facial masks using He/O2), the sample size needed to detect a clinically relevant reduction in the NIV failure rate (considering that recorded with standard air/O2, 14.5%) would amount to no less than 1000 patients in each arm, with a type 1 and type 2 errors of 5 and 10%, respectively [19].
We cannot readily account for the observed reduction in the rate of NIV complications by the use of He/O2 mixture. Explanation cannot be based solely on differences in the properties of the two inhaled mixtures with the change in the flow pattern from turbulent to laminar. Explanation must remain a matter of speculation at the present time.
The initial assumption of systematically substituting air/O2 by He/O2 in patients with hypercapnic COPD exacerbation seems actually unreasonable in the light of the downward trend in the failure rates reported in the most recent studies, particularly those issued from well-trained teams [2, 5]. He/O2 mixture becomes in this context a much less attractive option given its constraining logistics and high costs. However, real-life surveys have recently reported significantly higher failure rates than those observed by Jolliet et al. in the most recent RCT, where the experienced participating teams and a potential study effect probably had a positive impact. The cost–benefit trade-off could under these conditions still lean toward the use of He/O2 [1, 9, 23, 24]. Nonetheless, it seems unrealistic to propose He/O2 invariably to all patients with hypercapnic COPD exacerbation [25]. Because the response to He/O2 mixture breathing has a large variability between subjects according to diseases phenotypes, every effort should be made to identify a subgroup of patients who might derive a real clinical benefit from the physiological effects of He/O2, which may make the small difference that would reduce the intubation rate further [15, 26–29]. Indeed, the use of He/O2 instead of air/O2 in such patients may reduce the work of breathing and dynamic hyperinflation to a sufficient level to avert intubation. Clinical indicators that are well correlated with the work of breathing, and capable of detecting impending respiratory muscle fatigue, are therefore warranted and need to be validated in the clinical setting [30–32]. Identifying such a subgroup of potential responders to He/O2 mixture can also be addressed in a specifically designed RCT, or through an individual patient data meta-analysis.
Conclusion
in the light of the results uncovered by the current meta-analysis, there is insufficient evidence to recommend the systematic use of He/O2 in all patients with hypercapnic COPD exacerbation requiring NIV despite the reduction in the ICU length of stay and NIV side effects, given the constraining logistics. One may argue that with standard air/O2 we have probably reached an acceptable level of NIV failure. However, a subset of patients (which remains to be clearly delineated) at high risk of NIV failure might benefit from the use of He/O2, and efforts should now be directed at identifying such a subgroup.
Abbreviations
CI:
Confidence interval
COPD:
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
DRG:
Diagnosis-related group
ICU:
Intensive care unit
NIV:
Noninvasive ventilation
OR:
Odds ratio
PRISMA:
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis
RCT:
Randomized controlled trial
VAP:
Ventilator-associated pneumonia
Declarations
Authors’ contributions
FA, LOB, and PJ conducted the literature searches, selected the studies, and extracted the data. ZH, SB, FD, and IO screened the abstracts, selected the studies meeting the inclusion criteria, and extracted the data. All authors assessed the study quality. FA prepared the initial and subsequent drafts of the manuscript. FA and LOB carried out the statistical analyses. All authors read and approved the final manuscript..
Competing interests
FA, LOB, and PJ were investigators in the ECHOICU trial which was sponsored by Air Liquide Santé International. There is no potential competing interests relevant to this article for the other authors.
Availability of data and materials
Anonymized datasets can be shared with other researchers on request.
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Authors’ Affiliations
(1)
Intensive Care Unit, CHU Fatouma Bourguiba, Research Laboratory LR12SP15, University of Monastir
(2)
Département des Centres Interdisciplinaires et de Logistique Médicale
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