Skip to main content
Annals of Intensive Care
Download PDF

Outcomes of mechanical ventilation according to WIND classification in pediatric patients

Annals of Intensive Care volume 9, Article number: 72 (2019) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

The outcomes of weaning processes are not well known in pediatric patients, and the International Conference Classification on weaning from mechanical ventilation showed limited application. We evaluate the relationship between the new Weaning according to a New Definition (WIND) classification and outcome in pediatric patients.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective cohort study in a tertiary pediatric intensive care unit (ICU). We included patients under 18 years of age who received invasive mechanical ventilation for more than 24 h and excluded cases with other than the first ICU admissions, tracheostomy with home ventilation before admission, intubation or weaning processes conducted in other ICU, and weaning with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Weaning processes were classified into four groups according to weaning duration after the first separation attempt (SA): no-SA, short weaning (< 24 h), difficult weaning (24 h–7 days), and prolonged weaning (> 7 days). Mortality rates were compared across groups using the Kruskal–Wallis test, and risk factors for the no-SA group were analyzed by multivariate logistic regression tests with age, sex, severity score at admission, admission type, and underlying disease as variables.

Results

Among 313 patients, 224 were enrolled and had a median age of 2.1 (interquartile range 0.5–6.6) years. Spontaneous breathing tests were done in 70.1% of enrolled patients. The median duration of intubation to the first SA was 4 (range 0–36) days, and 92.8% patients underwent the first SA within 14 days. The mortality rate was 0% in the short (0/99) and difficult (0/53) weaning groups and 17.9% (5/28) in the prolonged weaning group (p < 0.001). The mortality rate of the no-SA group was 93.2% (41/44). Admission severity (hazard ratio 1.036, confidence interval 1.022–1.050) and underlying oncologic disease (hazard ratio 7.341, confidence interval 3.008–17.916) were independent risk factors for lack of SA.

Conclusions

In conclusion, WIND classification is associated with ICU mortality in pediatric patients. Further studies of this association are required to improve protocols associated with the weaning process and clinical outcomes.

Trial registration Retrospectively registered.

Background

Mechanical ventilation (MV) is a widely used form of respiratory support in pediatric intensive care units (ICUs). However, prolonged use of MV causes complications [1,2,3]. The weaning period may comprise up to 40% of MV days [4, 5]. Weaning from MV is difficult for 30% of patients, and such patients showed a higher mortality rate [6]. Therefore, previous studies have assessed the relationships between weaning classifications and clinical outcomes.

The weaning process was classified by the International Consensus Conference on weaning from MV according to difficulty and duration of the weaning process: simple weaning, difficult weaning, and prolonged weaning [7]. Patients with prolonged weaning have higher mortality than other groups [8,9,10,11]. However, the International Consensus Conference classification excludes patients who were not weaned from MV or who were weaned from MV without a spontaneous breathing test (SBT). In 2017, a new pragmatic classification of weaning, the Weaning according to a New Definition (WIND) classification, was proposed to overcome these limitations and was associated with survival to discharge in adult ICU patients [12].

Studies of the weaning processes and patient outcomes in pediatric ICU patients are rare. There are some data indicating an association between extubation failure and mortality rate [13], but weaning is more complex than single extubation and requires more time. In this study, we evaluate the relationship between weaning process as categorized by WIND classification and ICU mortality in pediatric ICU patients.

Methods

Study design and patients

We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients who were admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit of a single tertiary hospital in South Korea from January 2015 to October 2017. This unit consists of 15 beds and is a combined medical and surgical unit. Immediate post-cardiac surgery patients are admitted to a separate dedicated cardiac surgical unit. In the studying pediatric ICU, daily screening for readiness to wean was done for patients with mechanical ventilation for more than 24 h. Screening criteria were (1) hemodynamic stability, (2) adequate mentation with spontaneous inspiratory effort, (3) adequate oxygenation and ventilation (oxygen saturation > 90% on fraction of inspired oxygen ≤ 0.4 and pH > 7.30), and (4) not worsening chest x-ray. Spontaneous breathing test (SBT) was determined on a daily round, and T-piece, continuous positive airway pressure (4–5 cm H2O), or pressure support (6–8 cm H2O, mandatory for patients under 12 months of age) was applied for 30–120 min according to physicians’ decision. Ventilator mode or setting before weaning was not protocolized except low tidal volume for acute respiratory distress syndrome.

We screened all consecutive admissions to the pediatric ICU during the study period. We included patients under the age of 18 years who had undergone invasive mechanical ventilation for more than 24 h in the pediatric ICU. For patients with multiple ICU admissions, we included only the first ICU admission during a single hospitalization and excluded patients who had tracheostomy with home ventilation prior to ICU admission, who were intubated before transfer from other ICU or hospital, who were transferred to another hospital or ICU before they were ready to wean, and who were weaned from invasive mechanical ventilation with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

Definition of the weaning process

We used the definitions and classification of the weaning process according to the WIND study [12]. For intubated patients, we defined separation attempt (SA) as an SBT with or without extubation or direct extubation without SBT. Successful weaning or separation was defined as extubation without death or reintubation regardless of noninvasive mechanical ventilation or ICU discharge within the next 7 days. The SBT included breathing with (1) a T-piece trial, (2) pressure support ≤ 8 cm H2O, or (3) continuous positive airway pressure ≤ 5 cm H2O. For tracheostomized patients, SA was defined as spontaneous ventilation through tracheostomy without any mechanical ventilation for more than 24 h. Successful weaning for tracheostomized patients was defined as spontaneous ventilation through tracheostomy without any mechanical ventilation for 7 days or discharged with spontaneous breathing.

We classified patients into four groups according to duration of the weaning process following the WIND study. The no-separation attempt group (group no-SA) was comprised of patients who never underwent SA (any SBT or extubation trial). The short weaning group (group 1) had weaning processes that were terminated within 24 h after the first SA. The difficult weaning group (group 2) had weaning processes terminated after more than 24 h but in less than 7 days after the first SA. The prolonged weaning group (group 3) had weaning processes not terminated 7 days after the first SA.

Data collection and statistical analysis

Data for patients’ clinical history, changes in ventilator settings, and event records including SBT, extubation, and intubation trials were reviewed and collected by intensive care fellows from electronic medical records. Baseline patient characteristics of age, sex, underlying disease, reasons for ICU admission, and illness severity were measured, the latter of which was measured by the pediatric index of mortality 3 (PIM 3) score. We measured the weaning process parameters of time from intubation to the first SA, time from the first SA to successful weaning, total length of invasive mechanical ventilation, implementation of SBT/technique of SBT, and use of respiratory support after extubation. We measured clinical outcomes of ICU mortality, weaning status at ICU discharge, length of ICU stay, length of hospital stay, and ventilator-free days (the number of days survived without mechanical ventilation to day 28).

Descriptive data are presented as frequencies (percentages) for categorical variables and medians and interquartile ranges for continuous variables. The normality of continuous variables was tested by Shapiro–Wilks test. Proportions of sex, admission type, reason for ICU admission, underlying disease, reintubation, tracheostomy rate, and ICU mortality were compared using Chi-squared or Fisher’s exact tests. Continuous variables of age, PIM 3 score, duration of invasive MV, ventilator-free days, duration from intubation to the first SA, length of stay in the ICU, length of stay in the hospital, and ICU-free days (the number of days survived without ICU admission to day 28) were analyzed using the Mann–Whitney U test for comparisons of two groups (SA vs. no-SA) and were analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis test for comparisons of three groups (among groups 1, 2, and 3, not included no-SA group). Multivariable logistic regression was performed to analyze factors associated with lack of SA. Variables included in the regression test were age, sex, PIM 3 score at admission, admission type (surgical or medical), and presence of underlying oncologic disease, and they were included for clinical relevance or selected when p value was below 0.2 in univariate analysis. Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS version 22.0 software (IBM Inc., Armonk, NY, USA).

Results

During the study period, 313 patients were admitted to the pediatric ICU and required MV for more than 24 h. Among these patients, 89 were excluded according to exclusion criteria: 14 patients had been on home ventilators at admission, 40 admissions were other than the first ICU admission, 32 patients were transferred from other hospitals with intubation, two patients were extubated on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and one patient was transferred to another hospital before ready to wean. Therefore, 224 patients were included in the final analysis (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1
figure 1

Flow diagram of patient selection, with inclusion and exclusion criteria and weaning classifications. PICU pediatric intensive care unit, ECMO extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, SA separation attempt

Full size image

For baseline characteristics, the median age of the 224 enrolled patients was 2.1 (interquartile range 0.5–6.6) years (Table 1). The median-predicted mortality rate at admission was 4.6% (interquartile range [IQR] 1.4–15.0) with right-skewed distribution. The mean predicted mortality rate was 15.5%, and the actual mortality rate was 20.5% (46/224). The standardized mortality ratio calculated by observed/predicted (PIM 3) mortality was 1.32 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.75–1.89). Thirty-seven (16.5%) patients were admitted for postoperative care, and 187 (83.5%) patients were admitted for medical organ dysfunctions or problems. The most common underlying condition was oncologic disease (21.9%), followed by cardiologic (21.0%) and neurologic disease (21.0%) (Table 1).

Table 1 Patient characteristics and outcomes according to separation attempt
Full size table

For the characteristics of weaning, SBT was applied in 157 patients (70.1% of 224 enrolled patients and 87.2% of 180 patients with SA), and post-extubation support was applied in 36 (16.1%) patients. The median duration of mechanical ventilation was 7 (IQR 4–14) days, and ventilator-free days were 19 (IQR 0–24) days. The median duration after intubation to the first SA was 4 (range 0–36) days. The first SA was performed within 7 days after intubation in 76.7% of patients (138/180), within 14 days in 92.8% of patients (167/180), and within 28 days in 99.4% (179/180) of patients. The median duration after the first SA to successful weaning was 0.83 (IQR 0.1–2.14) days. Weaning was done with tracheostomy in 22 patients (9.8%), although 12 patients (5.4%) with tracheostomy could not wean mechanical ventilation.

In the WIND classification, 99 (44.2%) completed the weaning process within 24 h and were classified as group 1. All patients in group 1 were successfully weaned. Fifty-three patients (23.7%) completed the weaning process from 1 to 7 days (group 2), and all were successfully weaned. Twenty-eight patients (12.5%) had weaning processes lasting more than 7 days (group 3). Thirteen patients in group 3 were weaned, but 15 were not. Finally, 44 (19.6%) patients who had never undergone SA were classified in the no-SA group (Fig. 1).

We compared the characteristics and clinical outcomes of the weaning groups (Table 2). The mortality rate predicted by PIM 3 score at ICU admission tended to increase from group 1 to group 3, but the difference was not significant. Age and underlying oncologic disease also tended to increase from group 1 to group 3, but the difference was not significant. As the duration of the weaning process increased in groups 1, 2, and 3, the total duration of MV, reintubation rate, time to reintubation after the first extubation, tracheostomy rate, rate of post-extubation support application, and length of stay in ICU were significantly different (Table 2). However, the duration from intubation to the first SA was shorter in group 3 than in groups 1 and 2, and application of SBT was not significantly different across groups (p = 0.175). Reintubation rate after the first extubation trial was high in group 3 (92.8%). Poor lung parenchymal was the most common cause (50.0%) followed by airway problem (15.4%) and problem of breathing control (15.4%), and statistical difference among groups 1, 2, and 3 was not found (p value = 0.106) (Additional file 1: Supplementary Table 1). ICU mortality occurred only in group 3 patients with SA (p value < 0.001), but group 3 was not associated with mortality in adjusted analysis conducted in SA group with variables of age, sex, PIM 3 score (p value = 0.996).

Table 2 Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients according to weaning group
Full size table

In comparison of the SA groups and the no-SA group, the no-SA group was older (p = 0.001). The no-SA group had a higher predicted mortality rate at admission (22.3% vs. 3%, p < 0.001), more medical admissions (95.5% vs. 80.6%, p = 0.009), and a higher incidence of underlying oncologic disease (50.0% vs. 15.0%, p = 0/001) than the SA group. The clinical outcomes of the no-SA group included fewer ICU-free days (0 vs. 16 days, p < 0.001) and higher ICU mortality (93.2% vs. 2.8%, p < 0.001) than the SA group (Table 1). The causes of mortality were sepsis/multiorgan failure (34.8%), central nervous system failure (29.3%), respiratory failure (22.4%), and cardiac failure (7.3%) in no-SA group, and there was statistically difference between SA and no-SA groups (p value = 0.032) (Additional file 2: Supplementary Table 2). In a multivariate logistic regression test, the presence of underlying oncologic disease was 7.341 times higher (95% CI 3.008–17.916) in the no-SA group, and a 1% increase in PIM 3 score at admission was 1.036 times more frequent (95% CI 1.022–1.055) in the no-SA group (Table 3).

Table 3 Multivariate logistic regression analysis of risk factors predicting no-separation attempt
Full size table

Discussion

In this study, WIND classification according to weaning process was associated with mortality rate in pediatric patients (Additional file 3: Supplementary Fig 1). Weaning processes lasting more than 7 days were associated with increased mortality rate. About 20% of patients had never undergone SA during MV, and most deaths (89%) occurred among those patients. We demonstrated that high admission severity score and underlying oncologic disease were independent risk factors for lack of SA.

The clinical significance of the presence of SA during invasive MV was not well understood. Previous studies of weaning classifications or extubation failure enrolled only patients who underwent weaning process [3, 9, 10, 14, 15]. However, in this study, 89% mortality among mechanically ventilated patients occurred in patients who had never undergone SA. The high mortality rate in the absence of SA was similar to the results of a previous study of adults [12]. In adults, the mortality rate of the no-SA group was 86%, and the mortality of the no-SA group comprised 73.4% of total mortality. Therefore, the description of mortality rates according to WIND classification represents a comprehensive view of mortality and has pragmatic importance.

Considering the high mortality rates of no-SA group, the risk factors associated with lack of SA are clinically important. There are various causes of applying mechanical ventilation, such as acute respiratory problem, heart failure, sepsis, coma, neuromuscular problems [16]. Also, there are many reasons for weaning failures, such as airway/lung problems, brain dysfunction, cardiac dysfunction, diaphragmatic weakness, and endocrine problems [17]. There are predictive markers associated with each weaning problem in the respiratory ICU, such as weaning-induced pulmonary edema in cardiac dysfunction, thickening fraction of the diaphragm in diaphragmatic weakness, and hypercapnia [11, 18, 19]. However, these physiologic markers are not applicable to other weaning problems. In this study, severity at admission as assessed by PIM 3 score and underlying oncologic disease were independent risk factors for lack of SA. When we consider our causes of deaths and weaning criteria, our hypothesis is that the absence of SA is an indicator of uncontrolled underlying problems such as hemodynamic instability, altered mentation, or progressive respiratory failure which may inhibit weaning process and also cause death directly or indirectly. Patients with underlying oncologic disease or high PIM 3 score might be more likely to have uncontrolled underlying problems [20, 21].

Among patients who underwent SA, only group 3 (no successful weaning within 7 days) showed a significantly different mortality rate in an unadjusted analysis. According to the International Consensus Conference classification (only applying to 70% of our study population), the adjusted mortality rate in previous studies was higher in the prolonged weaning group (weaning duration longer than 7 days) than in other weaning groups, but the mortality rate was not different between simple weaning (weaning on the first attempt) and difficult weaning (weaning within 7 days) [9, 11]. Our results were similar, although we did not detect a significant difference in mortality rate in a severity-adjusted analysis.

Prolonged weaning was associated with prolonged total duration of MV in our study. In a previous study, complications such as ventilator-associated pneumonia are known to increase over time [22]. However, we did not evaluate the incidence of complications. Further studies are required to understand the association between prolonged weaning and cause of mortality.

Prolonged mechanical ventilation before weaning trial was associated with prolonged weaning in previous studies [10, 14, 23] and was also reported as a risk factor for extubation failure [15]. The results were different in our study, in which group 3 was not associated with the delayed first SA (Table 2). In the previous adult studies, T-piece or continuous positive airway pressure was common methods used for SBT, and the incidence of SBT showed a decreasing trend as weaning became more difficult [10, 14]. However, in our study, pressure support (< 8 cm H2O) was a common method used for SBT, and the incidence of SBT did not show any trends of increase or decrease. The different results might be caused by different study populations or different methods of SBT.

In this retrospective study design, we did not define the cutoff duration after intubation to the first SA. The duration of mechanical ventilation (range 0—36 days) before weaning trials showed a right-skewed distribution, and 99.4% (except 1 out of 180) patients tried their first SA within 28 days after intubation. Therefore, clinicians may need to consider that a patient is likely to be in the no-SA group in the absence of improvement to tolerate SA until 28 days after intubation.

We included only patients who received mechanical ventilation for more than 24 h, although there was no mention of duration in the previous WIND classification [12]. In the studying pediatric ICU, some patients applied mechanical ventilation only for several hours during a short procedure or postoperative periods. We tried to exclude them because our weaning protocol did not concern them before 24 h of mechanical ventilation. The different inclusion criteria might change the number of short weaning group (group 1).

There are several limitations to this study. First, this study was a retrospective cohort study and did not include data such as ventilator pressure settings or physiologic parameters. Second, we did not collect data about use of sedatives or neuromuscular blockers or about incidence of delirium, factors that may affect the weaning process. Third, this study was conducted in a single tertiary hospital with daily weaning assessments, and it may not apply to hospitals with low severity or different weaning characteristics. Fourth, the results of analysis using predicted mortality might be different in ICUs with a deviated standardized mortality ratio or ICUs using different severity tools. Therefore, the results may need cautions in the interpretation.

Despite these limitations, this was the first study to elucidate the outcomes of MV in pediatric patients using WIND classification. We included patients without SA or SBT, who were excluded from the previous weaning studies. Furthermore, we demonstrated the importance of the excluded population and the presence of SA as a prognostic indicator of mechanical ventilation. In addition to prognosis, development of weaning classification which describes weaning process better is clinically important, since the weaning process is also associated with ICU occupancy and healthcare cost [24]. Weaning studies based on the WIND classification might help to understand weaning process better and facilitate further research, trying to identify which population to target and which interventions to test to improve weaning protocols or policies.

In conclusion, the WIND classification of weaning from MV is associated with ICU mortality in pediatric patients. Further studies of this association are required to improve protocols associated with the weaning process and clinical outcomes.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Abbreviations

ICU:

intensive care unit

MV:

mechanical ventilation

PIM:

pediatric index of mortality

SA:

separation attempt

SBT:

spontaneous breathing test

WIND:

Weaning according to a New Definition

References

  1. Fagon JY, Chastre J, Vuagnat A, Trouillet JL, Novara A, Gibert C. Nosocomial pneumonia and mortality among patients in intensive care units. JAMA. 1996;275(11):866–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Coplin WM, Pierson DJ, Cooley KD, Newell DW, Rubenfeld RD. Implications of extubation delay in brain-injured patients meeting standard weaning criteria. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;161(5):1530–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Kurachek SC, Newth CJ, Quasney MW, Rice T, Sachdeva RC, Patel NR, et al. Extubation failure in pediatric intensive care: a multiple-center study of risk factors and outcomes. Crit Care Med. 2003;31(11):2657–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Ely EW, Baker AM, Dunagan DP, Burke HL, Smith AC, Kelly PT, et al. Effect on the duration of mechanical ventilation of identifying patients capable of breathing spontaneously. N Engl J Med. 1996;335(25):1864–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Kollef MH, Shapiro SD, Silver P, St John RE, Prentice D, Sauer S, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of protocol-directed versus physician-directed weaning from mechanical ventilation. Crit Care Med. 1997;25(4):567–74.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Epstein SK. Weaning from ventilatory support. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2009;15(1):36–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Boles JM, Bion J, Connors A, Herridge M, Marsh B, Melot C, et al. Weaning from mechanical ventilation. Eur Respir J. 2007;29(5):1033–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Esteban A, Anzueto A, Frutos F, Alia I, Brochard L, Stewart TE, et al. Characteristics and outcomes in adult patients receiving mechanical ventilation: a 28-day international study. JAMA. 2002;287(3):345–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Funk GC, Anders S, Breyer MK, Burghuber OC, Edelmann G, Heindl W, et al. Incidence and outcome of weaning from mechanical ventilation according to new categories. Eur Respir J. 2010;35(1):88–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Jeong BH, Ko MG, Nam J, Yoo H, Chung CR, Suh GY, et al. Differences in clinical outcomes according to weaning classifications in medical intensive care units. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(4):e0122810.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Sellares J, Ferrer M, Cano E, Loureiro H, Valencia M, Torres A. Predictors of prolonged weaning and survival during ventilator weaning in a respiratory ICU. Intensive Care Med. 2011;37(5):775–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Beduneau G, Pham T, Schortgen F, Piquilloud L, Zogheib E, Jonas M, et al. Epidemiology of Weaning Outcome according to a New Definition. The WIND Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017;195(6):772–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Edmunds S, Weiss I, Harrison R. Extubation failure in a large pediatric ICU population. Chest. 2001;119(3):897–900.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Penuelas O, Frutos-Vivar F, Fernandez C, Anzueto A, Epstein SK, Apezteguia C, et al. Characteristics and outcomes of ventilated patients according to time to liberation from mechanical ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;184(4):430–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Baisch SD, Wheeler WB, Kurachek SC, Cornfield DN. Extubation failure in pediatric intensive care incidence and outcomes. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2005;6(3):312–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Esteban A, Anzueto A, Alia I, Gordo F, Apezteguia C, Palizas F, et al. How is mechanical ventilation employed in the intensive care unit? An international utilization review. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;161(5):1450–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Heunks LM, van der Hoeven JG. Clinical review: the ABC of weaning failure—a structured approach. Crit Care. 2010;14(6):245.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Liu J, Shen F, Teboul JL, Anguel N, Beurton A, Bezaz N, et al. Cardiac dysfunction induced by weaning from mechanical ventilation: incidence, risk factors, and effects of fluid removal. Crit Care. 2016;20(1):369.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Matamis D, Soilemezi E, Tsagourias M, Akoumianaki E, Dimassi S, Boroli F, et al. Sonographic evaluation of the diaphragm in critically ill patients. Technique and clinical applications. Intensive Care Med. 2013;39(5):801–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Kache S, Weiss IK, Moore TB. Changing outcomes for children requiring intensive care following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Pediatr Transplant. 2006;10(3):299–303.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Straney L, Clements A, Parslow RC, Pearson G, Shann F, Alexander J, et al. Paediatric index of mortality 3: an updated model for predicting mortality in pediatric intensive care*. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2013;14(7):673–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Cook DJ, Walter SD, Cook RJ, Griffith LE, Guyatt GH, Leasa D, et al. Incidence of and risk factors for ventilator-associated pneumonia in critically ill patients. Ann Intern Med. 1998;129(6):433–40.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Vallverdu I, Calaf N, Subirana M, Net A, Benito S, Mancebo J. Clinical characteristics, respiratory functional parameters, and outcome of a two-hour T-piece trial in patients weaning from mechanical ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;158(6):1855–62.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Lone NI, Walsh TS. Prolonged mechanical ventilation in critically ill patients: epidemiology, outcomes and modelling the potential cost consequences of establishing a regional weaning unit. Crit Care. 2011;15(2):R102.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Not applicable.

Funding

No funding.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Critical Care Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea

    Ah Young Choi, Esther Park, Jeong-Am Ryu & Joongbum Cho

  2. Department of Pediatrics, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hwaseong, Republic of Korea

    Minji Kim

  3. Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea

    Meong Hi Son

Authors
  1. Ah Young Choi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Minji Kim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Esther Park
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Meong Hi Son
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Jeong-Am Ryu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Joongbum Cho
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

AC, MK, EP, MS, JR, JC conceptualized and designed study. AC and EP contributed to data curation and analysis. MK and MS contributed to the data analysis and interpretation. JC supervised the study. AC, MK, JR wrote the original draft. EP, MS, JC did critical revision and edited manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Joongbum Cho.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of Samsung Medical Center (IRB No. 2018-05-188-001). The IRB waived the informed consent requirement for this retrospective review.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Additional file

Additional file 1

Cause of reintubation after the first extubation. Poor lung parenchyma was the most common cause of reintubation, except group 1.

Additional file 2

Sepsis/MOF was the most common cause of death. Distributionof causes according to the WIND classification was different between SA and no-SA group.

Additional file 3

Flow diagram of WIND classification and patients' outcomes.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Choi, A.Y., Kim, M., Park, E. et al. Outcomes of mechanical ventilation according to WIND classification in pediatric patients. Ann. Intensive Care 9, 72 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13613-019-0547-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13613-019-0547-2

Keywords